Question 1

Based on the figure below,what statement could you make about the development of human versus chimpanzee skulls.

Accepted Answer

A) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until adulthood,when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. 
B) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage,when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. 
C) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage,when human cranium development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. 
D) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly during the fetal stage,after which point chimpanzee cranium growth outpaces humans. 
A) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until adulthood,when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. 
B) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage,when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. 
C) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage,when human cranium development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. 
D) The human and chimp skulls develop similarly during the fetal stage,after which point chimpanzee cranium growth outpaces humans. B

Question 2

What situation would be MOST likely to produce a new species?

Accepted Answer

A) A group of polyploid individuals arises by an abnormal mitosis.The polyploids can only produce viable offspring by mating with
Each other. 
B) Several individuals join an existing population and introduce new,beneficial alleles. 
C) Several individuals colonize a new area and establish a population.Migration between the new population and the source population is common. 
D) An existing species becomes subdivided by a glacier and the resulting groups remain physically isolated from each other for thousands of years.When the glacier melts,the two groups have developed slight differences in coloration,but are able to interbreeD. 
E) A volcano erupts and kills all of the frogs on an island,along with many other species.New frogs colonize the island and begin reproducing rapidly because there are no longer any frog predators. 
A) A group of polyploid individuals arises by an abnormal mitosis.The polyploids can only produce viable offspring by mating with
Each other. 
B) Several individuals join an existing population and introduce new,beneficial alleles. 
C) Several individuals colonize a new area and establish a population.Migration between the new population and the source population is common. 
D) An existing species becomes subdivided by a glacier and the resulting groups remain physically isolated from each other for thousands of years.When the glacier melts,the two groups have developed slight differences in coloration,but are able to interbreeD. 
E) A volcano erupts and kills all of the frogs on an island,along with many other species.New frogs colonize the island and begin reproducing rapidly because there are no longer any frog predators. A

Question 3

The Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)and Southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia)are morphologically similar,but have undergone behavioral isolation.Based on this,what is the most likely reason they are considered separate species?

Accepted Answer

A) The Northern species breeds during spring,while the Southern species breeds in late summer. 
B) The mating calls of the two species are different. 
C) Adults of the Southern species are entirely terrestrial,while adults of the Northern species are entirely aquatiC. 
D) Hybrids of the two species are sterile. 
E) Sperm of the Northern species are unable to penetrate the membrane of eggs of the Southern species. 
A) The Northern species breeds during spring,while the Southern species breeds in late summer. 
B) The mating calls of the two species are different. 
C) Adults of the Southern species are entirely terrestrial,while adults of the Northern species are entirely aquatiC. 
D) Hybrids of the two species are sterile. 
E) Sperm of the Northern species are unable to penetrate the membrane of eggs of the Southern species. B

Question 4

What field of biology compares the development of organisms in order to better understand mechanisms of evolutionary change?

Accepted Answer

A) Pattern formation. 
B) Embryology. 
C) Cell biology. 
D) Evolutionary developmental biology. 
E) Darwinism. 
A) Pattern formation. 
B) Embryology. 
C) Cell biology. 
D) Evolutionary developmental biology. 
E) Darwinism.

Question 5

The function of BMP4 is to ____________ while the function of gremlin is to __________ BMP4.

Accepted Answer

A) cause apoptosis;inhibit the function of 
B) induce mitosis;amplify expression of 
C) inhibit growth;amplify expression of 
D) induce mitosis;inhibit the function of 
E) cause apoptosis;act as a catalyst for 
A) cause apoptosis;inhibit the function of 
B) induce mitosis;amplify expression of 
C) inhibit growth;amplify expression of 
D) induce mitosis;inhibit the function of 
E) cause apoptosis;act as a catalyst for

Question 6

A disadvantage of using DNA or RNA sequences to identify species is that

Accepted Answer

A) it can only be used for sexually reproducing organisms. 
B) it cannot be used for extinct species. 
C) there is no rule for determining the number of sequence differences needed for a new species. 
D) if can be misleading because many species exhibit large variation in phenotype. 
E) species that do not interbreed in nature may be able to successfully breed in captivity. 
A) it can only be used for sexually reproducing organisms. 
B) it cannot be used for extinct species. 
C) there is no rule for determining the number of sequence differences needed for a new species. 
D) if can be misleading because many species exhibit large variation in phenotype. 
E) species that do not interbreed in nature may be able to successfully breed in captivity.

Question 7

A population of mountain goats are split because of the formation of a glacier.After 500 years the glacier melts and the two goat populations are free to move between the two areas.Under what conditions might the populations be able to occasionally interbreed?

Accepted Answer

A) Both pre- and post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. 
B) Reproductive isolation is incomplete. 
C) Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. 
D) Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. 
E) Gene flow between the two populations does not occur. 
A) Both pre- and post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. 
B) Reproductive isolation is incomplete. 
C) Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. 
D) Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. 
E) Gene flow between the two populations does not occur.

Question 8

Allopatric speciation occurs because a population

Accepted Answer

A) merges with another population of the same species. 
B) becomes geographically isolated and undergoes genetic change. 
C) becomes extinct and is replaced by a population of a different species. 
D) shows little genetic change from generation to generation. 
E) hybrid sterility occurs. 
A) merges with another population of the same species. 
B) becomes geographically isolated and undergoes genetic change. 
C) becomes extinct and is replaced by a population of a different species. 
D) shows little genetic change from generation to generation. 
E) hybrid sterility occurs.

Question 9

A group of individuals that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring would be considered to be a species according to the

Accepted Answer

A) phylogenetic species concept. 
B) biological species concept. 
C) evolutionary species concept. 
D) ecological species concept. 
E) general lineage concept. 
A) phylogenetic species concept. 
B) biological species concept. 
C) evolutionary species concept. 
D) ecological species concept. 
E) general lineage concept.

Question 10

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis)are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) mechanical isolation. 
B) temporal isolation. 
C) habitat isolation. 
D) behavioral isolation. 
E) gametic isolation. 
A) mechanical isolation. 
B) temporal isolation. 
C) habitat isolation. 
D) behavioral isolation. 
E) gametic isolation.

Question 11

In comparing the development of the unwebbed foot of the chicken and webbed foot of a duck,what differences are there in the expression of
BMP4 and gremiln?

Accepted Answer

A) Chicken feet only express BMP4 while duck feet only express gremiln. 
B) BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while gremlin is only expressed in duck feet. 
C) Gremlin is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while BMP4 is only expressed in between chicken digits. 
D) Both BMP4 and gremlin are expressed similarly in chicken and duck feet. 
E) BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while gremlin is not expressed between the digits of chicken feet. 
A) Chicken feet only express BMP4 while duck feet only express gremiln. 
B) BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while gremlin is only expressed in duck feet. 
C) Gremlin is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while BMP4 is only expressed in between chicken digits. 
D) Both BMP4 and gremlin are expressed similarly in chicken and duck feet. 
E) BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet,while gremlin is not expressed between the digits of chicken feet.

Question 12

To prepare for a hiking trip in the Appalachian mountains,you buy several field guides for the region from a used bookstore.You notice that the older guides list a single species of tiger swallowtail butterfly,Papilio glaucus,and an Appalachian morph of this species.However,the newest guide list two separate species,P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis.The authors of this guide state that the biological species concept was used in determining their classifications.What do you think led them to list two separate species of tiger swallowtail?

Accepted Answer

A) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis interbreed in the wild. 
B) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis have a genomic similarity of 99%. 
C) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis do not interbreed in the wild. 
D) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis have distinct differences in wing coloration. 
E) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis feed on different host plants. 
A) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis interbreed in the wild. 
B) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis have a genomic similarity of 99%. 
C) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis do not interbreed in the wild. 
D) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis have distinct differences in wing coloration. 
E) The discovery that P.glaucus and P.appalachiensis feed on different host plants.

Question 13

A tick population in a rural,wooded area uses deer as its primary host species.Eventually,humans begin to move into the area,bringing their pets along with them.Certain individuals within the tick population start to use dogs as their primary hosts,and eventually start to prefer dogs over deer.Other individuals continue to use deer for their primary host.Could this difference in host preference lead to speciation? Why or why not? Select all that aplly.

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,because temporal isolation could occur due to differences in host quality. 
B)  No,because the ticks inhabit the same region and therefore experience the same mechanisms of evolution. 
C)  Yes,because the ticks' host preference may be inherited,leading to an accumulation of genetic differences between ticks that use deer and ticks that use dogs. 
D)  No,because one of the hosts will lead to higher fitness and the ticks that prefer the other host will be eradicated. 
E)  No,because speciation cannot occur without geographic separation. 
A)  Yes,because temporal isolation could occur due to differences in host quality. 
B)  No,because the ticks inhabit the same region and therefore experience the same mechanisms of evolution. 
C)  Yes,because the ticks' host preference may be inherited,leading to an accumulation of genetic differences between ticks that use deer and ticks that use dogs. 
D)  No,because one of the hosts will lead to higher fitness and the ticks that prefer the other host will be eradicated. 
E)  No,because speciation cannot occur without geographic separation.

Question 14

Frogs "croak" at night to lure females for mating.Females are attracted only to the song of their species.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) hybrid sterility. 
B) temporal isolation. 
C) hybrid breakdown. 
D) behavioral isolation. 
E) gametic isolation. 
A) hybrid sterility. 
B) temporal isolation. 
C) hybrid breakdown. 
D) behavioral isolation. 
E) gametic isolation.

Question 15

Two species of salamander have similar ranges and morphology,but one breeds from January to March,while the second one breeds from March to May.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) mechanical isolation. 
B) temporal isolation. 
C) habitat isolation. 
D) behavioral isolation. 
E) gametic isolation. 
A) mechanical isolation. 
B) temporal isolation. 
C) habitat isolation. 
D) behavioral isolation. 
E) gametic isolation.

Question 16

What is true of Hox gene complexes in mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) They evolved convergently from similar genes in insects and flatworms. 
B) They directly encode morphological proteins. 
C) They are located on a single chromosome. 
D) They determine cell fate along the anteroposterior axis. 
E) They play a major role in embryonic,but not adult,body plans. 
A) They evolved convergently from similar genes in insects and flatworms. 
B) They directly encode morphological proteins. 
C) They are located on a single chromosome. 
D) They determine cell fate along the anteroposterior axis. 
E) They play a major role in embryonic,but not adult,body plans.

Question 17

Adaptive radiation is likely to have been responsible for what scenario?

Accepted Answer

A) The divergence of a single parasitic wasp population into two distinct species that use different hosts. 
B) The evolution of the horse via changes in climate and food supply. 
C) The long period of equilibrium in a bat species in the Mariana Islands. 
D) The 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands. 
A) The divergence of a single parasitic wasp population into two distinct species that use different hosts. 
B) The evolution of the horse via changes in climate and food supply. 
C) The long period of equilibrium in a bat species in the Mariana Islands. 
D) The 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands.

Question 18

How would you best explain the relationship between number of Hox genes and animal body complexity?

Accepted Answer

A) Different Hox genes are expressed in different regions of the body. 
B) Hox genes have duplicated several times during animal evolution,but they are not responsible for an increase in body plan complexity. 
C) An increase in the number of Hox genes allows for greater specialization in different body regions. 
D) An increase in the number of Hox genes meant that fewer regulatory genes could be controlled in a species. 
E) As the number of Hox genes increases,the number of genes encoding proteins for appendage development decreases. 
A) Different Hox genes are expressed in different regions of the body. 
B) Hox genes have duplicated several times during animal evolution,but they are not responsible for an increase in body plan complexity. 
C) An increase in the number of Hox genes allows for greater specialization in different body regions. 
D) An increase in the number of Hox genes meant that fewer regulatory genes could be controlled in a species. 
E) As the number of Hox genes increases,the number of genes encoding proteins for appendage development decreases.

Question 19

Your senior thesis project involves working out the taxonomy of Florida skinks.To accomplish this,you examine skink specimens for morphological differences,compare nucleotide and amino acid sequences,and observe the skinks' reproductive behavior and habitat types.Once you have completed the taxonomy and written the thesis,you give it to your professor for comments.She tells you that you did a great job and should try to get your work published! However,she suggests you indicate in the introduction what species concept you used to make your classifications.What statement would you add?

Accepted Answer

A) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the ecological species concept. 
B) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the biological species concept. 
C) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the evolutionary lineage species concept. 
D) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the general lineage species concept. 
A) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the ecological species concept. 
B) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the biological species concept. 
C) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the evolutionary lineage species concept. 
D) Taxonomic determinations were made based on the general lineage species concept.

Question 20

If two populations are geographically restricted groups of the same species,but display one or more traits that are somewhat different,the two groups are sometimes classified as

Accepted Answer

A) subspecies 
B) phenotypes 
C) macrospecies 
D) genetic clones 
E) hybrid species 
A) subspecies 
B) phenotypes 
C) macrospecies 
D) genetic clones 
E) hybrid species

Exam 20: Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Based on the figure below,what statement could you make about the development of human versus chimpanzee skulls.

What situation would be MOST likely to produce a new species?

The Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)and Southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia)are morphologically similar,but have undergone behavioral isolation.Based on this,what is the most likely reason they are considered separate species?

What field of biology compares the development of organisms in order to better understand mechanisms of evolutionary change?

The function of BMP4 is to ____________ while the function of gremlin is to __________ BMP4.

A disadvantage of using DNA or RNA sequences to identify species is that

A population of mountain goats are split because of the formation of a glacier.After 500 years the glacier melts and the two goat populations are free to move between the two areas.Under what conditions might the populations be able to occasionally interbreed?

Allopatric speciation occurs because a population

A group of individuals that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring would be considered to be a species according to the

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis)are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents.This is an example of

In comparing the development of the unwebbed foot of the chicken and webbed foot of a duck,what differences are there in the expression of BMP4 and gremiln?

Frogs "croak" at night to lure females for mating.Females are attracted only to the song of their species.This is an example of

Two species of salamander have similar ranges and morphology,but one breeds from January to March,while the second one breeds from March to May.This is an example of

What is true of Hox gene complexes in mammals?

Adaptive radiation is likely to have been responsible for what scenario?

How would you best explain the relationship between number of Hox genes and animal body complexity?

If two populations are geographically restricted groups of the same species,but display one or more traits that are somewhat different,the two groups are sometimes classified as

An Introduction to Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

General Features of Cells

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure

Gene Expression at the Molecular Level

Gene Regulation

Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Genetic Technology

Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics

Origin and History of Life

An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

Taxonomy and Systematics

Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function

Flowering Plants: Plant Behavior

Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport

Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems

Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Muscular-Skeletal Systems

Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Circulatory Systems

Respiratory Systems

Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

Endocrine Systems

Animal Reproduction and Development

Immune Systems

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Physical Environment

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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The function of BMP4 is to __ while the function of gremlin is to BMP4.