Question 1

The filtration step in the formation of urine for animals sorts materials only by

Accepted Answer

A) overall size with cells and proteins usually being kept out of the filtrate. 
B) whether they are charged or not. 
C) whether the substance in question is a waste product or not. 
D) whether they contain nitrogen or not. 
E) the hydration state of the body. 
A) overall size with cells and proteins usually being kept out of the filtrate. 
B) whether they are charged or not. 
C) whether the substance in question is a waste product or not. 
D) whether they contain nitrogen or not. 
E) the hydration state of the body. A

Question 2

The total solute concentration of a solution of water and other substances (salts,proteins,etc. )is referred to specifically as its

Accepted Answer

A) osmolarity. 
B) tonicity. 
C) salinity. 
D) specific gravity. 
E) density. 
A) osmolarity. 
B) tonicity. 
C) salinity. 
D) specific gravity. 
E) density. A

Question 3

If you measured the urine concentration of a freshwater fish,you would find that it was more concentrated than its blood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Humans cannot survive at sea by drinking salt water.However,marine vertebrates such as sea turtles and various sea birds can survive by drinking salt water.What do they have that humans do not?

Accepted Answer

A) Kidneys that are extremely good at producing a concentrated urine 
B) Body fluid concentrations that are similar to or greater than those of seawater 
C) The ability to secrete salts and wastes into their intestinal contents like an insect 
D) Use of ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste 
E) Specialized gill epithelia 
A) Kidneys that are extremely good at producing a concentrated urine 
B) Body fluid concentrations that are similar to or greater than those of seawater 
C) The ability to secrete salts and wastes into their intestinal contents like an insect 
D) Use of ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste 
E) Specialized gill epithelia

Question 5

What is the correct rank order for relative amount of water (most to least)required for excretion of the primary nitrogenous wastes used by different animals?

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia$\rarr$ urea $\rarr$  uric acid 
B) uric acid $\rarr$ ammonia $\rarr$  urea 
C) urea $\rarr$  uric acid$\rarr$  ammonia 
D) ammonia $\rarr$  uric acid$\rarr$ urea 
E) urea $\rarr$  ammonia $\rarr$  uric acid 
A) ammonia$\rarr$ urea $\rarr$  uric acid 
B) uric acid $\rarr$ ammonia $\rarr$  urea 
C) urea $\rarr$  uric acid$\rarr$  ammonia 
D) ammonia $\rarr$  uric acid$\rarr$ urea 
E) urea $\rarr$  ammonia $\rarr$  uric acid

Question 6

The digestion and utilization of this material creates the greatest need for nitrogenous waste secretion by the kidneys.

Accepted Answer

A) collagen 
B) amylose 
C) oleic acid 
D) glucose 
E) lactose 
A) collagen 
B) amylose 
C) oleic acid 
D) glucose 
E) lactose

Question 7

If you measured the urine concentration of a saltwater fish,you would find that it was more concentrated than its blood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

What is the path of fluid as it is filtered from the blood and flows through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

A) Bowman's capsule $\rarr$  proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct 
B) collecting duct$\rarr$ Bowman's capsule $\rarr$  proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule 
C) Bowman's capsule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$  proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct 
D) Bowman's capsule$\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  collecting duct 
E) collecting duct$\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  Bowman's capsule 
A) Bowman's capsule $\rarr$  proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$ distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct 
B) collecting duct$\rarr$ Bowman's capsule $\rarr$  proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule 
C) Bowman's capsule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$  proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$ collecting duct 
D) Bowman's capsule$\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  collecting duct 
E) collecting duct$\rarr$  distal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  loop of Henle $\rarr$ proximal convoluted tubule $\rarr$  Bowman's capsule

Question 9

The osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory problems facing a freshwater fish are

Accepted Answer

A) loss of water and loss of ions. 
B) loss of water and gain of ions. 
C) gain of water and loss of ions. 
D) gain of water and gain of ions. 
E) loss of urine and gain of ions. 
A) loss of water and loss of ions. 
B) loss of water and gain of ions. 
C) gain of water and loss of ions. 
D) gain of water and gain of ions. 
E) loss of urine and gain of ions.

Question 10

When studying fluid and electrolyte loss during exercise,Robert Cade found that human sweat has sodium and chloride concentrations that are

Accepted Answer

A) higher than those found in the blood. 
B) lower than those found in the blood. 
C) equal to those found in the blood. 
D) extremely variable from person to person relative to those found in the blooD. 
A) higher than those found in the blood. 
B) lower than those found in the blood. 
C) equal to those found in the blood. 
D) extremely variable from person to person relative to those found in the blooD.

Question 11

What is the most toxic primary nitrogenous waste?

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia 
B) uric acid 
C) urea 
D) urine 
A) ammonia 
B) uric acid 
C) urea 
D) urine

Question 12

In the United States,how many people suffer from kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A) 200,000 
B) 2,000,000 
C) 20,000,000 
D) 200,000,000 
A) 200,000 
B) 2,000,000 
C) 20,000,000 
D) 200,000,000

Question 13

Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is INCORRECTLY matched with the benefit of its excretion.

Accepted Answer

A) urea: low toxicity relative to ammonia 
B) uric acid: can be stored and excreted as a precipitate 
C) ammonia: very soluble in water 
D) uric acid: minimal loss of water when excreted 
E) urea: very insoluble in water 
A) urea: low toxicity relative to ammonia 
B) uric acid: can be stored and excreted as a precipitate 
C) ammonia: very soluble in water 
D) uric acid: minimal loss of water when excreted 
E) urea: very insoluble in water

Question 14

Predict what would happen if the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron lost its ability to reabsorb materials.

Accepted Answer

A) The volume of the urine would increase dramatically. 
B) Nitrogenous wastes would accumulate dramatically in the blood. 
C) K+ ions,Na+ ions,and HCO3- ions would be lost unnecessarily. 
D) Glucose would lost unnecessarily. 
E) Glucose,K+ ions,Na+ ions,and HCO3- ions would be lost unnecessarily. 
A) The volume of the urine would increase dramatically. 
B) Nitrogenous wastes would accumulate dramatically in the blood. 
C) K+ ions,Na+ ions,and HCO3- ions would be lost unnecessarily. 
D) Glucose would lost unnecessarily. 
E) Glucose,K+ ions,Na+ ions,and HCO3- ions would be lost unnecessarily.

Question 15

A biologist discovers a new species of organism adapted to living in a deep underground cavern that provides no source of free water.The organism is eyeless and covered by fur,and it has a four chambered heart with a closed circulatory system.What excretory system adaptations to this extreme environment might the biologist expect to find?

Accepted Answer

A) very long malpighian tubules 
B) very short malpighian tubules 
C) metanephridia with a large number of nephridiopores 
D) nephrons with long loops of Henle 
E) nephrons with short loops of Henle 
A) very long malpighian tubules 
B) very short malpighian tubules 
C) metanephridia with a large number of nephridiopores 
D) nephrons with long loops of Henle 
E) nephrons with short loops of Henle

Question 16

In the normal path of urine from the kidney to the bladder and out of the body,which structure,if blocked,would prevent urine from reaching any of the other structures?

Accepted Answer

A) collecting duct 
B) renal pelvis 
C) ureter 
D) urethra 
E) urethra $\rarr$  collecting duct $\rarr$  renal pelvis $\rarr$  ureter $\rarr$  urinary bladder 
A) collecting duct 
B) renal pelvis 
C) ureter 
D) urethra 
E) urethra $\rarr$  collecting duct $\rarr$  renal pelvis $\rarr$  ureter $\rarr$  urinary bladder

Question 17

The blood supply to the loop of Henle also exhibits a countercurrent arrangement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

An increase in the extracellular concentration of salts will cause body cells to

Accepted Answer

A) lose water and shrink. 
B) lose water and swell. 
C) gain water and shrink. 
D) gain water and swell. 
E) metabolize water and heat up. 
A) lose water and shrink. 
B) lose water and swell. 
C) gain water and shrink. 
D) gain water and swell. 
E) metabolize water and heat up.

Question 19

Consider a tadpole becoming a toad.You would expect to find it changing its form of nitrogenous waste from

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia to ureA. 
B) urea,ammonia. 
C) uric acid,urea. 
D) urea,uric aciD. 
E) uric acid,ammonia. 
A) ammonia to ureA. 
B) urea,ammonia. 
C) uric acid,urea. 
D) urea,uric aciD. 
E) uric acid,ammonia.

Question 20

Proper functioning of the human kidney requires considerable active transport of sodium in the kidney tubules.If these active transport mechanisms were to stop completely,how would urine production be affected?

Accepted Answer

A) No urine would be produced. 
B) A lower-than-normal volume of urine which was less concentrated than the blood (hypotonic)would be produced. 
C) A lower-than-normal volume of urine which was more concentrated than the blood (hypertonic)would be produced. 
D) A greater-than-normal volume of urine equal in concentration to the blood (isotonic)would be produceD. 
E) A greater-than-normal volume of urine that was more concentrated than the blood (hypertonic)would be produced. 
A) No urine would be produced. 
B) A lower-than-normal volume of urine which was less concentrated than the blood (hypotonic)would be produced. 
C) A lower-than-normal volume of urine which was more concentrated than the blood (hypertonic)would be produced. 
D) A greater-than-normal volume of urine equal in concentration to the blood (isotonic)would be produceD. 
E) A greater-than-normal volume of urine that was more concentrated than the blood (hypertonic)would be produced.

Exam 38: Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

The filtration step in the formation of urine for animals sorts materials only by

The total solute concentration of a solution of water and other substances (salts,proteins,etc. )is referred to specifically as its

If you measured the urine concentration of a freshwater fish,you would find that it was more concentrated than its blood.

Humans cannot survive at sea by drinking salt water.However,marine vertebrates such as sea turtles and various sea birds can survive by drinking salt water.What do they have that humans do not?

What is the correct rank order for relative amount of water (most to least)required for excretion of the primary nitrogenous wastes used by different animals?

The digestion and utilization of this material creates the greatest need for nitrogenous waste secretion by the kidneys.

If you measured the urine concentration of a saltwater fish,you would find that it was more concentrated than its blood.

What is the path of fluid as it is filtered from the blood and flows through the nephron?

The osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory problems facing a freshwater fish are

When studying fluid and electrolyte loss during exercise,Robert Cade found that human sweat has sodium and chloride concentrations that are

What is the most toxic primary nitrogenous waste?

In the United States,how many people suffer from kidney disease?

Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is INCORRECTLY matched with the benefit of its excretion.

Predict what would happen if the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron lost its ability to reabsorb materials.

In the normal path of urine from the kidney to the bladder and out of the body,which structure,if blocked,would prevent urine from reaching any of the other structures?

The blood supply to the loop of Henle also exhibits a countercurrent arrangement.

An increase in the extracellular concentration of salts will cause body cells to

Consider a tadpole becoming a toad.You would expect to find it changing its form of nitrogenous waste from

Proper functioning of the human kidney requires considerable active transport of sodium in the kidney tubules.If these active transport mechanisms were to stop completely,how would urine production be affected?

An Introduction to Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

General Features of Cells

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure

Gene Expression at the Molecular Level

Gene Regulation

Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Genetic Technology

Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics

Origin and History of Life

An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Taxonomy and Systematics

Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function

Flowering Plants: Plant Behavior

Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport

Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems

Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Muscular-Skeletal Systems

Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Circulatory Systems

Respiratory Systems

Endocrine Systems

Animal Reproduction and Development

Immune Systems

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Physical Environment

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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