Question 1

Which of the following most adequately describes how the Alu element may have proliferated to constitute 10% of the human genome?

Accepted Answer

A) Multiple retroelements code the same gene. 
B) Retroelements increase with every generation. 
C) A single retroelement can be copied into many RNA transcripts. 
D) Retroelements increase with each cell division. 
E) Retroelements show self-proliferation. 
A) Multiple retroelements code the same gene. 
B) Retroelements increase with every generation. 
C) A single retroelement can be copied into many RNA transcripts. 
D) Retroelements increase with each cell division. 
E) Retroelements show self-proliferation. C

Question 2

The current genome databases are biased towards species that are important from a research,medical,or agricultural perspective.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

You are part of a research team trying to sequence the genome of bacterial species X,which has a genome size of 2.2 Mb.You plan to use shotgun DNA sequencing and want to sequence at least 99% of the genome.How many Mb of DNA should you sequence?

Accepted Answer

A) 10.13 
B) 4.61 
C) 0.01 
D) 9.02 
A) 10.13 
B) 4.61 
C) 0.01 
D) 9.02 A

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding plasmids?

Accepted Answer

A) Plasmids are small,usually a few thousand to ten thousand base pairs. 
B) Plasmids are linear. 
C) Plasmids are contained within the bacterial chromosome. 
D) Plasmids are rarely found in prokaryotes. 
E) Plasmids dominate in eukaryotes. 
A) Plasmids are small,usually a few thousand to ten thousand base pairs. 
B) Plasmids are linear. 
C) Plasmids are contained within the bacterial chromosome. 
D) Plasmids are rarely found in prokaryotes. 
E) Plasmids dominate in eukaryotes.

Question 5

If a gene's sequence is compared among several different vertebrates and they are found to be 95% homologous,one can assume that the genes are derived from the same ancestral gene.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

DNA can be found in all of the following cellular locations EXCEPT the

Accepted Answer

A) mitochondriA. 
B) chloroplast. 
C) nucleus. 
D) golgi apparatus. 
E) plasmid. 
A) mitochondriA. 
B) chloroplast. 
C) nucleus. 
D) golgi apparatus. 
E) plasmid.

Question 7

Functionally important gene sequences such as those encoding ribosomal RNA are

Accepted Answer

A) highly repetitive sequences. 
B) moderately repetitive sequences. 
C) transposable sequences. 
D) highly mutated sequences. 
A) highly repetitive sequences. 
B) moderately repetitive sequences. 
C) transposable sequences. 
D) highly mutated sequences.

Question 8

Genome databases have been created for all of the following model organisms except?

Accepted Answer

A) fruit fly 
B) mouse 
C) humans 
D) Escherichia coli 
E) American alligator 
A) fruit fly 
B) mouse 
C) humans 
D) Escherichia coli 
E) American alligator

Question 9

Small chromosomal duplications provide raw material for the addition of genes into a species' genome.These duplications create two or more copies of the same gene,where one or both of the genes can subsequently mutate.These genes are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) sister chromatids. 
B) homologous chromosomes. 
C) homologous genes. 
D) transposable elements. 
E) duplicated chromosomes. 
A) sister chromatids. 
B) homologous chromosomes. 
C) homologous genes. 
D) transposable elements. 
E) duplicated chromosomes.

Question 10

Researchers are interested in the genomes of prokaryotic species for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) bacteria cause many diseases that affect people,plants,and animals. 
B) bacteria reveal modes of infection. 
C) bacteria are more highly advanced than humans. 
D) the origin of the first eukaryotic cell probably involved a union between an archaeal and a bacterial cell. 
E) All of the choices are reasons for studying genomes of prokaryotic species. 
A) bacteria cause many diseases that affect people,plants,and animals. 
B) bacteria reveal modes of infection. 
C) bacteria are more highly advanced than humans. 
D) the origin of the first eukaryotic cell probably involved a union between an archaeal and a bacterial cell. 
E) All of the choices are reasons for studying genomes of prokaryotic species.

Question 11

What must be provided to the BLAST program for identifying homologous sequences within the database?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleotide sequence 
B) amino acid sequence 
C) protein molecular weight 
D) protein molecular weight or nucleotide sequence 
E) nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence 
A) nucleotide sequence 
B) amino acid sequence 
C) protein molecular weight 
D) protein molecular weight or nucleotide sequence 
E) nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence

Question 12

What is the most likely explanation of how 14 genes for globins,each specialized in their function (i.e. ,hemoglobin,myoglobin),arose in the genome of animals?

Accepted Answer

A) misaligned crossover 
B) gene deletion 
C) gene mutation 
D) misaligned crossover and gene mutation 
E) misaligned crossover and gene deletion 
A) misaligned crossover 
B) gene deletion 
C) gene mutation 
D) misaligned crossover and gene mutation 
E) misaligned crossover and gene deletion

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Prokaryotic genomes are less complex than eukaryotic genomes. 
B) Prokaryotic genomes have centromeres,whereas eukaryotic genomes do not. 
C) Eukaryotic genomes have telomeres,whereas prokaryotic genomes do not. 
D) Prokaryotic genomes have one origin of replication,whereas eukaryotic genomes have multiple origins of replication. 
E) Chromosomes of prokaryotes have little repetitive DNA compared with chromosomes of eukaryotes. 
A) Prokaryotic genomes are less complex than eukaryotic genomes. 
B) Prokaryotic genomes have centromeres,whereas eukaryotic genomes do not. 
C) Eukaryotic genomes have telomeres,whereas prokaryotic genomes do not. 
D) Prokaryotic genomes have one origin of replication,whereas eukaryotic genomes have multiple origins of replication. 
E) Chromosomes of prokaryotes have little repetitive DNA compared with chromosomes of eukaryotes.

Question 14

What is needed if a researcher wants to analyze genes in different species for their homologies? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)  Amino acid or nucleotide sequences from both species. 
B)  A computer program with the ability to search large amounts of data for matching sequences. 
C)  Knowledge of the function of the gene in both species. 
D)  Database containing nucleotide or amino acid sequences of many species. 
A)  Amino acid or nucleotide sequences from both species. 
B)  A computer program with the ability to search large amounts of data for matching sequences. 
C)  Knowledge of the function of the gene in both species. 
D)  Database containing nucleotide or amino acid sequences of many species.

Question 15

Some transposable elements contain a central region that encodes transposase,an enzyme that facilitates the actual transposition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

You overhear colleagues discussing their current research.They mention that they need to purchase a large quantity of dideoxynucleoside triphosphates and that they will be using sonic technology.You also hear them discussing the pros and cons of several computer programs that can align large amounts of overlapping data.What technique do you think your colleagues are preparing for?

Accepted Answer

A) transposition 
B) Gel electrophoresis 
C) shotgun sequencing 
D) data mining 
A) transposition 
B) Gel electrophoresis 
C) shotgun sequencing 
D) data mining

Question 17

What question is most likely to be answered if the goals of the Human Genome Project are met?

Accepted Answer

A) Should companies that discover disease-related genes (ex: BRCA genes)and develop tests for those genes be allowed to patent them? 
B) How did plasmids evolve? 
C) How many genes does the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi contain? 
D) What are the functions of repetitive sequences in prokaryotic organisms? 
A) Should companies that discover disease-related genes (ex: BRCA genes)and develop tests for those genes be allowed to patent them? 
B) How did plasmids evolve? 
C) How many genes does the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi contain? 
D) What are the functions of repetitive sequences in prokaryotic organisms?

Question 18

If the nitrogenous bases of both a DNA transposon and a retroelement were tagged with fluorescent markers,what statement best describes the result after transposition of both types of TEs has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A) The markers would be found at the new site of the DNA transposon,but not at the new site of the retroelement. 
B) The markers would be found at the new site of the retroelement,but not at the new site of the DNA transposon. 
C) The markers would be found at the new sites of the DNA transposon and the retroelement. 
D) The markers would be not be found at either new site. 
A) The markers would be found at the new site of the DNA transposon,but not at the new site of the retroelement. 
B) The markers would be found at the new site of the retroelement,but not at the new site of the DNA transposon. 
C) The markers would be found at the new sites of the DNA transposon and the retroelement. 
D) The markers would be not be found at either new site.

Question 19

In humans,one set of chromosomes is made up of 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Prokaryotic genomes often contain a circular chromosome with hundreds of thousands of genes and highly repetitive DNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 17: Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics

Which of the following most adequately describes how the Alu element may have proliferated to constitute 10% of the human genome?

The current genome databases are biased towards species that are important from a research,medical,or agricultural perspective.

You are part of a research team trying to sequence the genome of bacterial species X,which has a genome size of 2.2 Mb.You plan to use shotgun DNA sequencing and want to sequence at least 99% of the genome.How many Mb of DNA should you sequence?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding plasmids?

If a gene's sequence is compared among several different vertebrates and they are found to be 95% homologous,one can assume that the genes are derived from the same ancestral gene.

DNA can be found in all of the following cellular locations EXCEPT the

Functionally important gene sequences such as those encoding ribosomal RNA are

Genome databases have been created for all of the following model organisms except?

Small chromosomal duplications provide raw material for the addition of genes into a species' genome.These duplications create two or more copies of the same gene,where one or both of the genes can subsequently mutate.These genes are referred to as

Researchers are interested in the genomes of prokaryotic species for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

What must be provided to the BLAST program for identifying homologous sequences within the database?

What is the most likely explanation of how 14 genes for globins,each specialized in their function (i.e. ,hemoglobin,myoglobin),arose in the genome of animals?

Which of the following statements about the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes is FALSE?

What is needed if a researcher wants to analyze genes in different species for their homologies? Select all that apply.

Some transposable elements contain a central region that encodes transposase,an enzyme that facilitates the actual transposition.

What question is most likely to be answered if the goals of the Human Genome Project are met?

If the nitrogenous bases of both a DNA transposon and a retroelement were tagged with fluorescent markers,what statement best describes the result after transposition of both types of TEs has occurred?

In humans,one set of chromosomes is made up of 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

Prokaryotic genomes often contain a circular chromosome with hundreds of thousands of genes and highly repetitive DNA.

An Introduction to Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

General Features of Cells

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure

Gene Expression at the Molecular Level

Gene Regulation

Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Genetic Technology

Origin and History of Life

An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Taxonomy and Systematics

Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function

Flowering Plants: Plant Behavior

Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport

Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems

Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Muscular-Skeletal Systems

Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Circulatory Systems

Respiratory Systems

Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

Endocrine Systems

Animal Reproduction and Development

Immune Systems

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Physical Environment

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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