Exam 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

MATCHING Indicate the direction that the force in question tends to move the involved ion under the stated conditions by writing the appropriate letter in the blank, using the following answer code: -electrical gradient for Na⁺ at threshold potential

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -Cerebral cortex can influence activities.

Hormones are classified into the following three types:

Indicate whether the characteristics below apply to the endocrine system or the nervous system by writing the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -Pancreas has ductless cells that secrete.

____________________ is a pathophysiological condition in which nerve cells lose their myelin sheath.

Conduction by local current flow

The following question refers to comparative concentrations, permeabilities, and potentials under various circumstances. Indicate the relationship between the two items listed in each situation by filling the appropriate letter in the blank using the following answer code: -A. concentration of Na⁺ in the intracellular fluid of a nerve cell immediately before an action potential B. concentration of Na⁺ in the intracellular fluid of a nerve cell immediately following an action potential (assume that the Na⁺-K⁺ pump has not yet acted)

cAMP activates the enzyme ______________.

____________________ are chemical messengers that bind to neuronal receptors at nonsynaptic sites and alter the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activity.

The refractory period

Use the answer code to answer the questions in this section: -Type of current associated with a depolarizing stimulus

Which of the class(es) of hormones interacts with DNA?

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_K+ of the subsynaptic membrane (no change in P_Na+)

The rising phase of the action potential is due to

Once a steroid hormone binds with its intracellular receptor, the hormone-receptor complex binds with a specific hormone response element on DNA, thereby activating a particular gene.

Each letter is used only once. -dendrite

The accompanying figure relates to neurotransmitter secretion. Match the steps highlighted in the figure (steps 1-5) with the statements using the letter key below. -Binding of neurotransmitter opens channel

Indicate whether an excitatory or inhibitory synapse is being described by filling in the blank using the following answer code: -increased P_Na+ and increased P_K+ of the subsynaptic membrane

In the second-messenger

All hormones are first formed as preprohormones, then are pruned into active hormones.