Question 1

When the bladder of an infant is filled with urine, the

Accepted Answer

A)  stretch receptors in the bladder wall are inhibited. 
B)  parasympathetic nerve supplying the bladder is inhibited, allowing the bladder to relax. 
C)  motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter is stimulated, causing the sphincter to open. 
D)  motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter is inhibited, allowing the sphincter to open. 
E)  parasympathetic nerve supplying the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated, causing the sphincter to close. 
A)  stretch receptors in the bladder wall are inhibited. 
B)  parasympathetic nerve supplying the bladder is inhibited, allowing the bladder to relax. 
C)  motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter is stimulated, causing the sphincter to open. 
D)  motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter is inhibited, allowing the sphincter to open. 
E)  parasympathetic nerve supplying the internal urethral sphincter is stimulated, causing the sphincter to close. D

Question 2

Which part of the juxtamedullary nephron is responsible for establishing the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  collecting duct 
B)  afferent arteriole 
C)  loop of Henle 
D)  juxtaglomerular apparatus 
E)  distal tubule 
A)  collecting duct 
B)  afferent arteriole 
C)  loop of Henle 
D)  juxtaglomerular apparatus 
E)  distal tubule C

Question 3

The following questions refer to the accompanying diagram of the steps of the activation and function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Six of the molecules/actions have been removed and replaced with letters A-F. Match the letter with list of missing terms below to complete the diagram.
-sodium and chloride conserved

Accepted Answer

E

Question 4

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-capillary bed responsible for filtration

Accepted Answer

A) afferent arteriole 
B) glomerulus 
C) efferent arteriole 
D) Bowman's capsule 
E) proximal tubule
F)descending limb of loop of Henle
G)ascending limb of loop of Henle
H)distal tubule
I)collecting duct 
A) afferent arteriole 
B) glomerulus 
C) efferent arteriole 
D) Bowman's capsule 
E) proximal tubule
F)descending limb of loop of Henle
G)ascending limb of loop of Henle
H)distal tubule
I)collecting duct

Question 5

Vasopressin

Accepted Answer

A)  can completely halt urine production during periods of water deprivation to conserve water for the body. 
B)  activates the cyclic AMP second-messenger system within the tubular cells. 
C)  renders the distal and collecting tubules impermeable to water. 
D)  increases Na+ reabsorption by the distal portions of the nephron. 
E)  stimulates the active salt pump of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient. 
A)  can completely halt urine production during periods of water deprivation to conserve water for the body. 
B)  activates the cyclic AMP second-messenger system within the tubular cells. 
C)  renders the distal and collecting tubules impermeable to water. 
D)  increases Na+ reabsorption by the distal portions of the nephron. 
E)  stimulates the active salt pump of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient.

Question 6

The fluid passing through the tip of the loop of Henle is ____________________ relative to normal body fluids.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The fluid passing through the tip of...

Question 7

Secretion of organic ions:

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs only for anions, not cations 
B)  is a highly selective process 
C)  occurs across all parts of the tubule 
D)  is regulated by hormones 
E)  involves the removal of many foreign organic chemicals, including food additives, environmental pollutants, drugs 
A)  occurs only for anions, not cations 
B)  is a highly selective process 
C)  occurs across all parts of the tubule 
D)  is regulated by hormones 
E)  involves the removal of many foreign organic chemicals, including food additives, environmental pollutants, drugs

Question 8

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is where

Accepted Answer

A)  NaCl passively leaves the tubular fluid down its concentration gradient. 
B)  NaCl is actively transported into the interstitial fluid, leaving water behind because the tubular cells are not permeable to water. 
C)  K+ is secreted. 
D)  aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption. 
E)  water is reabsorbed 
A)  NaCl passively leaves the tubular fluid down its concentration gradient. 
B)  NaCl is actively transported into the interstitial fluid, leaving water behind because the tubular cells are not permeable to water. 
C)  K+ is secreted. 
D)  aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption. 
E)  water is reabsorbed

Question 9

____________________% of the renal tissue can adequately perform all excretory and regulatory functions of the kidney.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________% of the renal tissue can adequately...

Question 10

The functional unit of the kidney is the

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerulus. 
B)  nephron. 
C)  medulla. 
D)  pyramid. 
E)  juxtaglomerular apparatus. 
A)  glomerulus. 
B)  nephron. 
C)  medulla. 
D)  pyramid. 
E)  juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 11

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code.
-Increased vasopressin secretion _____ Na+ reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on 
A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on

Question 12

The glomerular capillary blood pressure in the nephron is 78 mm Hg. The Bowman's capsular hydrostatic pressure is 24 mm Hg. The colloidal osmotic pressure is 18 mm Hg. The net filtration pressure is ____ mm Hg.

Accepted Answer

A)  18 
B)  26 
C)  36 
D)  42 
E)  78 
A)  18 
B)  26 
C)  36 
D)  42 
E)  78

Question 13

The proximal tubule

Accepted Answer

A)  reabsorbs about 65% of the filtered water. 
B)  is the site of action for vasopressin 
C)  is the location where glucose is secreted 
D)  lies between the loop of Henle and the collecting ducts 
E)  none of these answers. 
A)  reabsorbs about 65% of the filtered water. 
B)  is the site of action for vasopressin 
C)  is the location where glucose is secreted 
D)  lies between the loop of Henle and the collecting ducts 
E)  none of these answers.

Question 14

The ________ are capillaries that surround the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons while ________ surround the reminder of the tubule.

Accepted Answer

vasa recta

Question 15

Which of the following is not found in the filtrate at the beginning of the proximal tubules

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  glucose 
C)  urea 
D)  salts 
E)  all of the above are found 
A)  water 
B)  glucose 
C)  urea 
D)  salts 
E)  all of the above are found

Question 16

The osmoreceptors contributing to water balance and vasopressin secretion are located in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal cortex. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  juxtaglomerular apparatus. 
D)  renal cortex. 
E)  renal medulla. 
A)  adrenal cortex. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  juxtaglomerular apparatus. 
D)  renal cortex. 
E)  renal medulla.

Question 17

Vasopressin

Accepted Answer

A)  secretion is stimulated by a water deficit. 
B)  increases the permeability of the distal and collecting tubules to water. 
C)  increases the permeability of the late portion of the collecting tubule to urea. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers. 
A)  secretion is stimulated by a water deficit. 
B)  increases the permeability of the distal and collecting tubules to water. 
C)  increases the permeability of the late portion of the collecting tubule to urea. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers.

Question 18

The process of preventing micturition in spite of initiation of the reflex involves

Accepted Answer

A)  the cerebral cortex. 
B)  voluntary stimulation of the motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter. 
C)  voluntary stimulation of the internal urethral sphincter via its parasympathetic nerve supply. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers. 
A)  the cerebral cortex. 
B)  voluntary stimulation of the motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter. 
C)  voluntary stimulation of the internal urethral sphincter via its parasympathetic nerve supply. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers.

Question 19

Match renal structure or activity with correct characteristic.
-renal pelvis

Accepted Answer

A) Collecting tubules empty into this structure. 
B) Stores the urine. 
C) Passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen. 
D) When dilated leads to an increase in GFR. 
E) Tuft of capillaries found in close approximation to the Bowman's capsule.
F)Function of the glomerulus.
G)Urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis.
H)Collects the glomerular filtrate.
I)Passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries.
J)Functional unit of the kidney.
K)Supplies the renal tissue with O2 and nutrients.
L)Carries blood from glomerulus into peritubular capillaries.
M)Tube through which urine leaves the body.
N)Variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control.
O)Responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
P)Glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here. 
A) Collecting tubules empty into this structure. 
B) Stores the urine. 
C) Passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen. 
D) When dilated leads to an increase in GFR. 
E) Tuft of capillaries found in close approximation to the Bowman's capsule.
F)Function of the glomerulus.
G)Urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis.
H)Collects the glomerular filtrate.
I)Passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries.
J)Functional unit of the kidney.
K)Supplies the renal tissue with O2 and nutrients.
L)Carries blood from glomerulus into peritubular capillaries.
M)Tube through which urine leaves the body.
N)Variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control.
O)Responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
P)Glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here.

Question 20

Explain the significance of sodium reabsorption across the different portion of the nephron.

Accepted Answer

Sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubu

When the bladder of an infant is filled with urine, the

Which part of the juxtamedullary nephron is responsible for establishing the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney?

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -capillary bed responsible for filtration

Vasopressin

The fluid passing through the tip of the loop of Henle is ____________________ relative to normal body fluids.

Secretion of organic ions:

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is where

____________________% of the renal tissue can adequately perform all excretory and regulatory functions of the kidney.

The functional unit of the kidney is the

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased vasopressin secretion _____ Na⁺ reabsorption.

The glomerular capillary blood pressure in the nephron is 78 mm Hg. The Bowman's capsular hydrostatic pressure is 24 mm Hg. The colloidal osmotic pressure is 18 mm Hg. The net filtration pressure is ____ mm Hg.

The proximal tubule

The are capillaries that surround the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons while surround the reminder of the tubule.

Which of the following is not found in the filtrate at the beginning of the proximal tubules

The osmoreceptors contributing to water balance and vasopressin secretion are located in the:

Vasopressin

The process of preventing micturition in spite of initiation of the reflex involves

Match renal structure or activity with correct characteristic. -renal pelvis

Explain the significance of sodium reabsorption across the different portion of the nephron.

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood and Body Defenses

The Respiratory System

Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Endocrine System

The Reproductive System

Filters

Exam 13: The Urinary System

When the bladder of an infant is filled with urine, the

Which part of the juxtamedullary nephron is responsible for establishing the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney?

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -capillary bed responsible for filtration

Vasopressin

The fluid passing through the tip of the loop of Henle is ____________________ relative to normal body fluids.

Secretion of organic ions:

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is where

____________________% of the renal tissue can adequately perform all excretory and regulatory functions of the kidney.

The functional unit of the kidney is the

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased vasopressin secretion _____ Na+ reabsorption.

The glomerular capillary blood pressure in the nephron is 78 mm Hg. The Bowman's capsular hydrostatic pressure is 24 mm Hg. The colloidal osmotic pressure is 18 mm Hg. The net filtration pressure is ____ mm Hg.

The proximal tubule

The ________ are capillaries that surround the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons while ________ surround the reminder of the tubule.

Which of the following is not found in the filtrate at the beginning of the proximal tubules

The osmoreceptors contributing to water balance and vasopressin secretion are located in the:

Vasopressin

The process of preventing micturition in spite of initiation of the reflex involves

Match renal structure or activity with correct characteristic. -renal pelvis

Explain the significance of sodium reabsorption across the different portion of the nephron.

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood and Body Defenses

The Respiratory System

Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Endocrine System

The Reproductive System

Filters

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased vasopressin secretion _____ Na⁺ reabsorption.

The are capillaries that surround the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons while surround the reminder of the tubule.