Question 1

Which of the following would most likely involve use of a molecular clock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Determining whether a doctor infected someone with his HIV-positive patient's blood 
B)  Determining when West Nile virus arrived in the United States 
C)  Determining whether female preference evolved before or after the male trait in a genus of birds 
D)  Reconstructing the ancestral states of proteins that code for an enzyme 
E)  Assessing the number of times self-incompatibility evolved in a family of plants 
A)  Determining whether a doctor infected someone with his HIV-positive patient's blood 
B)  Determining when West Nile virus arrived in the United States 
C)  Determining whether female preference evolved before or after the male trait in a genus of birds 
D)  Reconstructing the ancestral states of proteins that code for an enzyme 
E)  Assessing the number of times self-incompatibility evolved in a family of plants B

Question 2

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  monophyletic; monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
C)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
D)  polyphyletic; monophyletic 
E)  polyphyletic; paraphyletic 
A)  monophyletic; monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
C)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
D)  polyphyletic; monophyletic 
E)  polyphyletic; paraphyletic E

Question 3

Refer to the figure showing the wing and support structures (bones) of bat and bird wings.   The similarities in the wings of bats and birds as adaptations for powered flight evolved through _______, which is a _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  convergent evolution; homoplasy 
B)  convergent evolution; synapomorphy 
C)  evolutionary reversal; homoplasy 
D)  evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy 
E)  ancestral inheritance; synapomorphy 
A)  convergent evolution; homoplasy 
B)  convergent evolution; synapomorphy 
C)  evolutionary reversal; homoplasy 
D)  evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy 
E)  ancestral inheritance; synapomorphy A

Question 4

Refer to the table.   The table shows the divergence times (time since last common ancestor) between different species of butterflies and the numbers of changes that have occurred at two different genes.What is the rate of evolution of the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase? Note that there are two lineages (branches) from the common ancestor within which evolution is occurring.

Accepted Answer

The rate is approxim

Question 5

Which would be the signature that a human virus was acquired from a single animal source?

Accepted Answer

A)  All human viruses would form a single clade. 
B)  Human viruses would evolve according to the molecular clock. 
C)  Human viruses would be found in multiple places in the phylogenetic tree, interspersed with viruses from other animals. 
D)  Human viruses would be found at the root of the tree. 
E)  Phylogenetic analysis cannot be used to make inferences about the origins of human viruses. 
A)  All human viruses would form a single clade. 
B)  Human viruses would evolve according to the molecular clock. 
C)  Human viruses would be found in multiple places in the phylogenetic tree, interspersed with viruses from other animals. 
D)  Human viruses would be found at the root of the tree. 
E)  Phylogenetic analysis cannot be used to make inferences about the origins of human viruses.

Question 6

Dark coloration patterns have evolved in several unrelated species of moth because the species are subject to similar predators.This is an example of convergent evolution, which is a form of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dark coloration patterns have evolved in several...

Question 7

Based on the results from phylogenetic studies of HIV (and assuming a molecular clock), it has been determined that HIV entered the human population _______ years before it became a global pandemic.

Accepted Answer

A)  less than 5 
B)  about 10 
C)  about 20 
D)  about 35 
E)  at least 50 
A)  less than 5 
B)  about 10 
C)  about 20 
D)  about 35 
E)  at least 50

Question 8

From phylogenetic and other analyses, we now know that HIV entered the human population from

Accepted Answer

A)  chimpanzees only. 
B)  gorillas only. 
C)  chimpanzees and baboons. 
D)  chimpanzees and mangabeys. 
E)  chimpanzees and capuchins. 
A)  chimpanzees only. 
B)  gorillas only. 
C)  chimpanzees and baboons. 
D)  chimpanzees and mangabeys. 
E)  chimpanzees and capuchins.

Question 9

The table shows the ancestral and derived traits of five species (A-E). In the table, the ancestral state of each trait is indicated by 0, and the derived state is indicated by 1.Which species (if any) is sister to species E?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species A 
B)  Species B 
C)  Species C 
D)  Species D 
E)  No species is sister to species E. 
A)  Species A 
B)  Species B 
C)  Species C 
D)  Species D 
E)  No species is sister to species E.

Question 10

Two branches of fish diverged from each other 80 million years ago.The point of this divergence would be marked by a _______ in a phylogenetic tree.

Accepted Answer

A)  node 
B)  lineage 
C)  synapomorphy 
D)  new root 
E)  time stamp 
A)  node 
B)  lineage 
C)  synapomorphy 
D)  new root 
E)  time stamp

Question 11

Refer to the figure.   The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A through G).The figure also shows whether the beetles have (marked with check) or do not have (marked with an x) one of three stripes.It also states the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green).
The color _______ is a synapomorphy shared by species A, B, C, and D that is not shared by the other species.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.   The...

Question 12

Mitochondrial DNA is most useful for phylogenetic analysis

Accepted Answer

A)  in the study of relatively ancient relationships. 
B)  in groups with few species that have survived to the present. 
C)  of closely related animal (but not plant) species. 
D)  of prokaryotes. 
E)  of paternal inheritance. 
A)  in the study of relatively ancient relationships. 
B)  in groups with few species that have survived to the present. 
C)  of closely related animal (but not plant) species. 
D)  of prokaryotes. 
E)  of paternal inheritance.

Question 13

The _______ of a phylogenetic tree represents the common ancestor, the _______ represent places where lineages diverge, and the _______ axis represents time.(Assume that the tree is oriented as depicted in the textbook.)

Accepted Answer

A)  node; roots; horizontal 
B)  root; nodes; vertical 
C)  root; branches; horizontal 
D)  root; nodes; horizontal 
E)  root; branches; vertical 
A)  node; roots; horizontal 
B)  root; nodes; vertical 
C)  root; branches; horizontal 
D)  root; nodes; horizontal 
E)  root; branches; vertical

Question 14

Examining the disappearing notochord in developing sea squirts illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the utility of CT scanning in morphological phylogenetic systematics. 
B)  the utility of examining developmental stages in phylogenetic systematics. 
C)  the limitation of developmental analysis in phylogenetic systematics. 
D)  how environmentally induced phenotypes can be used in phylogenetic systematics. 
E)  how the methods used in phylogenetic systematics can be experimentally verified. 
A)  the utility of CT scanning in morphological phylogenetic systematics. 
B)  the utility of examining developmental stages in phylogenetic systematics. 
C)  the limitation of developmental analysis in phylogenetic systematics. 
D)  how environmentally induced phenotypes can be used in phylogenetic systematics. 
E)  how the methods used in phylogenetic systematics can be experimentally verified.

Question 15

Suppose that two species of fish (species A and B) differ by ten substitutions in their globin genes, and that these fish diverged 5 million years ago (based on biogeographical evidence).A third species (species C) differs from species A by 40 substitutions.Assuming the molecular clock has been operating, species A and C must have split from each other _______ million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  20 
D)  40 
E)  More information is required to answer this question. 
A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  20 
D)  40 
E)  More information is required to answer this question.

Question 16

Suppose a doctor is on trial for infecting his wife with a virus obtained from his patients.Which result would most likely clear the doctor of the charges?

Accepted Answer

A)  The viruses from the victim form a single clade. 
B)  The viruses from the victim fall into several clades. 
C)  The viruses from the victim are closely related to other infected individuals from the general population, but not the doctor's patients. 
D)  The viruses from the victim are closely related to one or more of the doctor's patients and are not as closely related to infected individuals from the general population. 
E)  The viruses from the victim evolve following a molecular clock. 
A)  The viruses from the victim form a single clade. 
B)  The viruses from the victim fall into several clades. 
C)  The viruses from the victim are closely related to other infected individuals from the general population, but not the doctor's patients. 
D)  The viruses from the victim are closely related to one or more of the doctor's patients and are not as closely related to infected individuals from the general population. 
E)  The viruses from the victim evolve following a molecular clock.

Question 17

Which statement about biological classification is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taxonomists use biological classification to show evolutionary relationships among organisms. 
B)  Separate rules for classification were established by botanists and zoologists. 
C)  The same binomial name may be given to two different organisms as long as they are in different phyla. 
D)  Classifications should be monophyletic. 
E)  A monophyletic group may be removed from a phylogenetic tree by "cutting" a single branch. 
A)  Taxonomists use biological classification to show evolutionary relationships among organisms. 
B)  Separate rules for classification were established by botanists and zoologists. 
C)  The same binomial name may be given to two different organisms as long as they are in different phyla. 
D)  Classifications should be monophyletic. 
E)  A monophyletic group may be removed from a phylogenetic tree by "cutting" a single branch.

Question 18

Refer to the table.   The table which shows the divergence times (time since last common ancestor) between different species of butterflies and the numbers of changes that have occurred at two different genes.Explain how the data show that the gene for cytochrome oxidase is not evolving in accordance with the molecular clock principle.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between the d

Question 19

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses.   Based on the figure, what is the likely number of independent origins of HIV in humans? Explain, pointing out the human virus's origins.

Accepted Answer

There were likely two independent origin

Question 20

In plant classification, the suffix "_______" is used to denote names of families.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In plant classification, the suffix "_______" is...

Exam 21: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Which of the following would most likely involve use of a molecular clock?

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

Refer to the figure showing the wing and support structures (bones) of bat and bird wings. The similarities in the wings of bats and birds as adaptations for powered flight evolved through _______, which is a _______.

Which would be the signature that a human virus was acquired from a single animal source?

Dark coloration patterns have evolved in several unrelated species of moth because the species are subject to similar predators.This is an example of convergent evolution, which is a form of _______.

Based on the results from phylogenetic studies of HIV (and assuming a molecular clock), it has been determined that HIV entered the human population _______ years before it became a global pandemic.

From phylogenetic and other analyses, we now know that HIV entered the human population from

The table shows the ancestral and derived traits of five species (A-E). In the table, the ancestral state of each trait is indicated by 0, and the derived state is indicated by 1.Which species (if any) is sister to species E?

Two branches of fish diverged from each other 80 million years ago.The point of this divergence would be marked by a _______ in a phylogenetic tree.

Mitochondrial DNA is most useful for phylogenetic analysis

The _______ of a phylogenetic tree represents the common ancestor, the _______ represent places where lineages diverge, and the _______ axis represents time.(Assume that the tree is oriented as depicted in the textbook.)

Examining the disappearing notochord in developing sea squirts illustrates

Suppose a doctor is on trial for infecting his wife with a virus obtained from his patients.Which result would most likely clear the doctor of the charges?

Which statement about biological classification is false?

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses. Based on the figure, what is the likely number of independent origins of HIV in humans? Explain, pointing out the human virus's origins.

In plant classification, the suffix "_______" is used to denote names of families.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _ and SIV is _.

Refer to the figure showing the wing and support structures (bones) of bat and bird wings. The similarities in the wings of bats and birds as adaptations for powered flight evolved through _, which is a _.

The ___ of a phylogenetic tree represents the common ancestor, the _ represent places where lineages diverge, and the _____ axis represents time.(Assume that the tree is oriented as depicted in the textbook.)