Question 1

Which is closest to the opposite of a homologous trait?

Accepted Answer

A)  A synapomorphy 
B)  An ancestral trait 
C)  A heterologous trait 
D)  A homoplastic trait 
E)  A sister clade 
A)  A synapomorphy 
B)  An ancestral trait 
C)  A heterologous trait 
D)  A homoplastic trait 
E)  A sister clade

Question 2

Tetramorium hispidum and T.spinosum are two species of ants that are related more closely to each other than they are to any other species.Thus, they are known as _______ species.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tetramorium hispidum and T.spinosum are two species...

Question 3

Refer to the figure.   Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species A is evolutionarily closer to species C than it is to species D. 
B)  Species A is evolutionarily closer to species D than it is to species C. 
C)  The evolutionary distance from species E to species F is the same as that from species D to species E. 
D)  The evolutionary distance from species E to species F is the same as that from species C to species D. 
E)  The evolutionary distance from species A to species C is the same as that from species B to species C. 
A)  Species A is evolutionarily closer to species C than it is to species D. 
B)  Species A is evolutionarily closer to species D than it is to species C. 
C)  The evolutionary distance from species E to species F is the same as that from species D to species E. 
D)  The evolutionary distance from species E to species F is the same as that from species C to species D. 
E)  The evolutionary distance from species A to species C is the same as that from species B to species C.

Question 4

Refer to the figure.   In the figure, the estimated average rate of amino acid change is about _______ per 100 million years.

Accepted Answer

0.18 (anything from

Question 5

Suppose you follow the descendants of a group of squirrels along a phylogenetic tree.In doing so, you would be tracing a _______ of these squirrels.

Accepted Answer

A)  node 
B)  root 
C)  synapomorphy 
D)  lineage 
E)  homoplasy 
A)  node 
B)  root 
C)  synapomorphy 
D)  lineage 
E)  homoplasy

Question 6

Biologists studying a clade of birds are interested in whether a morphological feature of this clade is ancestral or derived.Which approach would best address this question?

Accepted Answer

A)  More detailed morphological analysis of that trait, such as can be determined with a CT scanner 
B)  Determining the genetic basis of the trait 
C)  Use of the fossil record, especially near the root of the tree 
D)  Focusing on the ingroup 
E)  DNA analysis 
A)  More detailed morphological analysis of that trait, such as can be determined with a CT scanner 
B)  Determining the genetic basis of the trait 
C)  Use of the fossil record, especially near the root of the tree 
D)  Focusing on the ingroup 
E)  DNA analysis

Question 7

Refer to the figure.   Which of the following is most likely a homoplasy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species A and B both having stripe 1 
B)  Species A and D both having stripe 1 
C)  Species A and B both lacking stripe 2 
D)  Species A and G both lacking stripe 2 
E)  Species A and G both lacking stripe 3 
A)  Species A and B both having stripe 1 
B)  Species A and D both having stripe 1 
C)  Species A and B both lacking stripe 2 
D)  Species A and G both lacking stripe 2 
E)  Species A and G both lacking stripe 3

Question 8

Refer to the figure.   This phylogenetic tree is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acid sequences of viral proteins. 
B)  DNA sequences of the host. 
C)  DNA sequences of the ancestral virus. 
D)  DNA sequences of just the viruses at the tips of the tree. 
E)  DNA sequences of viruses at the nodes of the tree. 
A)  amino acid sequences of viral proteins. 
B)  DNA sequences of the host. 
C)  DNA sequences of the ancestral virus. 
D)  DNA sequences of just the viruses at the tips of the tree. 
E)  DNA sequences of viruses at the nodes of the tree.

Question 9

Studies testing the creation of phylogenies of bacteriophage T7 showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  phylogenetic methods accurately reconstruct the evolutionary history of bacteriophage T7. 
B)  phylogenetic methods perform poorly in reconstructing evolutionary history. 
C)  the molecular clock is invalid. 
D)  phylogenetic methods require DNA sequencing of all viral plaques at the nodes. 
E)  an outgroup lineage could not be created. 
A)  phylogenetic methods accurately reconstruct the evolutionary history of bacteriophage T7. 
B)  phylogenetic methods perform poorly in reconstructing evolutionary history. 
C)  the molecular clock is invalid. 
D)  phylogenetic methods require DNA sequencing of all viral plaques at the nodes. 
E)  an outgroup lineage could not be created.

Question 10

Mice and rats are more distantly related to rabbits than they are to one another.If a biologist were to examine the phylogenetic relationships of different mice and rats, rabbits would be considered a(n) _______ to the mice and rats.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mice and rats are more distantly related...

Question 11

Which practice tends to hinder taxonomic work?

Accepted Answer

A)  The use of monophyletic groups 
B)  The historical separation of botany and zoology 
C)  The use of universal databases 
D)  A commonly accepted set of rules 
E)  The fact that fossils represent "dead" species 
A)  The use of monophyletic groups 
B)  The historical separation of botany and zoology 
C)  The use of universal databases 
D)  A commonly accepted set of rules 
E)  The fact that fossils represent "dead" species

Question 12

According to the principle of parsimony, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the

Accepted Answer

A)  fewest homologies. 
B)  most homoplasies. 
C)  fewest homoplasies. 
D)  most clades. 
E)  fewest clades. 
A)  fewest homologies. 
B)  most homoplasies. 
C)  fewest homoplasies. 
D)  most clades. 
E)  fewest clades.

Question 13

Which factor is not a limitation of the use of morphology in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some morphological variation has a genetic basis. 
B)  Few morphological traits can be directly compared across distant taxa. 
C)  Some taxa exhibit little morphological diversity. 
D)  Temperature changes can affect morphology. 
E)  Nutritional differences during development can affect morphology. 
A)  Some morphological variation has a genetic basis. 
B)  Few morphological traits can be directly compared across distant taxa. 
C)  Some taxa exhibit little morphological diversity. 
D)  Temperature changes can affect morphology. 
E)  Nutritional differences during development can affect morphology.

Question 14

Which statement related to the use of molecular clocks is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Different genes evolve at different rates. 
B)  There are differences in evolutionary rates among species, related to generation times. 
C)  There are species differences related to environment. 
D)  There are species differences due to efficiencies of DNA repair systems. 
E)  It is not possible to compare the same protein from different species. 
A)  Different genes evolve at different rates. 
B)  There are differences in evolutionary rates among species, related to generation times. 
C)  There are species differences related to environment. 
D)  There are species differences due to efficiencies of DNA repair systems. 
E)  It is not possible to compare the same protein from different species.

Question 15

In its application to phylogenetics, parsimony is a method that

Accepted Answer

A)  helps distinguish ingroups from outgroups. 
B)  helps distinguish synapomorphies from homoplasies. 
C)  helps distinguish convergent evolution from evolutionary reversals. 
D)  attempts to maximize the number of homoplasies. 
E)  attempts to minimize the number of synapomorphies. 
A)  helps distinguish ingroups from outgroups. 
B)  helps distinguish synapomorphies from homoplasies. 
C)  helps distinguish convergent evolution from evolutionary reversals. 
D)  attempts to maximize the number of homoplasies. 
E)  attempts to minimize the number of synapomorphies.

Question 16

Which statement about traits and phylogeny is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  All similar traits are evidence of relatedness. 
B)  All shared traits are synapomorphies. 
C)  All synapomorphies are shared traits. 
D)  Homologous traits arise from reversals. 
E)  Homologous traits arise from convergent evolution. 
A)  All similar traits are evidence of relatedness. 
B)  All shared traits are synapomorphies. 
C)  All synapomorphies are shared traits. 
D)  Homologous traits arise from reversals. 
E)  Homologous traits arise from convergent evolution.

Question 17

Consider five species of toads.Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is a sister to the clade containing species C and D.Which species is most likely to share synapomorphies with species C?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species A 
B)  Species B 
C)  Species D 
D)  Species E 
E)  All of the above are equally likely to share synapomorphies with species C. 
A)  Species A 
B)  Species B 
C)  Species D 
D)  Species E 
E)  All of the above are equally likely to share synapomorphies with species C.

Question 18

Contemporary systems of taxonomy expect taxa to

Accepted Answer

A)  fit in the Linnaean system. 
B)  be monophyletic (that is, clades). 
C)  be paraphyletic. 
D)  be polyphyletic. 
E)  be synapomorphies. 
A)  fit in the Linnaean system. 
B)  be monophyletic (that is, clades). 
C)  be paraphyletic. 
D)  be polyphyletic. 
E)  be synapomorphies.

Question 19

Biologists would most likely use parsimony methods over maximum likelihood methods when

Accepted Answer

A)  looking at behavioral traits. 
B)  looking at with DNA sequence data. 
C)  some types of evolutionary changes are more likely than others. 
D)  the fossil record is good. 
E)  computational power is limited. 
A)  looking at behavioral traits. 
B)  looking at with DNA sequence data. 
C)  some types of evolutionary changes are more likely than others. 
D)  the fossil record is good. 
E)  computational power is limited.

Question 20

Refer to the figure.   Which groups of taxa are paraphyletic?

Accepted Answer

A)  A + B + C 
B)  C + D + E 
C)  G + H + I 
D)  G + H + I + J 
E)  I + J 
A)  A + B + C 
B)  C + D + E 
C)  G + H + I 
D)  G + H + I + J 
E)  I + J

Exam 21: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Which is closest to the opposite of a homologous trait?

Tetramorium hispidum and T.spinosum are two species of ants that are related more closely to each other than they are to any other species.Thus, they are known as _______ species.

Refer to the figure. Which of the following statements is true?

Refer to the figure. In the figure, the estimated average rate of amino acid change is about _______ per 100 million years.

Suppose you follow the descendants of a group of squirrels along a phylogenetic tree.In doing so, you would be tracing a _______ of these squirrels.

Biologists studying a clade of birds are interested in whether a morphological feature of this clade is ancestral or derived.Which approach would best address this question?

Refer to the figure. Which of the following is most likely a homoplasy?

Refer to the figure. This phylogenetic tree is based on

Studies testing the creation of phylogenies of bacteriophage T7 showed that

Mice and rats are more distantly related to rabbits than they are to one another.If a biologist were to examine the phylogenetic relationships of different mice and rats, rabbits would be considered a(n) _______ to the mice and rats.

Which practice tends to hinder taxonomic work?

According to the principle of parsimony, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the

Which factor is not a limitation of the use of morphology in phylogenetic analysis?

Which statement related to the use of molecular clocks is false?

In its application to phylogenetics, parsimony is a method that

Which statement about traits and phylogeny is true?

Consider five species of toads.Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is a sister to the clade containing species C and D.Which species is most likely to share synapomorphies with species C?

Contemporary systems of taxonomy expect taxa to

Biologists would most likely use parsimony methods over maximum likelihood methods when

Refer to the figure. Which groups of taxa are paraphyletic?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters