Question 1

Histone genes, which evolve very slowly, would most likely be used to study relationships

Accepted Answer

A)  among very similar species. 
B)  within the same genus. 
C)  among organisms that live in the same locality. 
D)  relationships among prokaryotic organisms that diverged recently. 
E)  between different phyla. 
A)  among very similar species. 
B)  within the same genus. 
C)  among organisms that live in the same locality. 
D)  relationships among prokaryotic organisms that diverged recently. 
E)  between different phyla.

Question 2

Refer to the phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits.   According to the phylogenetic tree, chimpanzees and pigeons share _______ of the listed synapomorphies.

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four 
E)  at least five 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  four 
E)  at least five

Question 3

In the case in which phylogenetic analysis of HIV was used to convict a physician of purposely injecting blood from his HIV-positive patient into his former girlfriend, the victim's HIV sequences were _______ and the patient's HIV sequences were _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  monophyletic; monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
C)  monophyletic; polyphyletic 
D)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
E)  paraphyletic; paraphyletic 
A)  monophyletic; monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
C)  monophyletic; polyphyletic 
D)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
E)  paraphyletic; paraphyletic

Question 4

Which is a property of evolution assumed by the molecular clock hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid rate of evolution 
B)  Slow rate of evolution 
C)  Constant rate of evolution 
D)  Transitions evolving more readily than transversions 
E)  Transversions evolving more readily than transitions 
A)  Rapid rate of evolution 
B)  Slow rate of evolution 
C)  Constant rate of evolution 
D)  Transitions evolving more readily than transversions 
E)  Transversions evolving more readily than transitions

Question 5

Five different phylogenetic trees of a group of wild tomato species have been proposed.Trees A and B each require 16 homoplasies, but tree A requires 20 synapomorphies and tree B requires 22 synapomorphies.Tree C requires 17 homoplasies and 12 synapomorphies.Tree D requires 14 homoplasies and 21 synapomorphies.Finally, tree E requires 19 homoplasies and 11 synapomorphies.According to the principle of parsimony, which tree is the best?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tree A 
B)  Tree B 
C)  Tree C 
D)  Tree D 
E)  Tree E 
A)  Tree A 
B)  Tree B 
C)  Tree C 
D)  Tree D 
E)  Tree E

Question 6

Which statement about monophyletic groups is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are distinct from clades. 
B)  They include all descendants of the common ancestor of the members of the group. 
C)  Exactly two "cuts" are required to remove a monophyletic group from a phylogenetic tree. 
D)  At least three "cuts" are required to remove a monophyletic group from a phylogenetic tree. 
E)  They are equivalent to paraphyletic groups. 
A)  They are distinct from clades. 
B)  They include all descendants of the common ancestor of the members of the group. 
C)  Exactly two "cuts" are required to remove a monophyletic group from a phylogenetic tree. 
D)  At least three "cuts" are required to remove a monophyletic group from a phylogenetic tree. 
E)  They are equivalent to paraphyletic groups.

Question 7

The hypothesis that the rate at which a particular molecule evolved among different species is consistent enough to serve as a guide to evolutionary divergence is known as the _______ hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The hypothesis that the rate at which...

Question 8

Several species of frogs are sister species and share the same color patterns, not found in other frogs.This pattern was determined to be a derived trait.Hence, these patterns should be considered _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Several species of frogs are sister species...

Question 9

The absence of stripes on the wings is the ancestral state of a family of butterflies.One lineage contains five species, four with red stripes and one with no stripes.Genetic analysis revealed that the species without stripes recently lost these stripes.This is an example of _______, which is a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  an evolutionary reversal; homoplasy 
B)  an evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy 
C)  convergent evolution; homoplasy 
D)  convergent evolution; synapomorphy 
E)  convergent evolution; evolutionary reversal 
A)  an evolutionary reversal; homoplasy 
B)  an evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy 
C)  convergent evolution; homoplasy 
D)  convergent evolution; synapomorphy 
E)  convergent evolution; evolutionary reversal

Question 10

Based on what you know about transitions and transversions, which of the following evolutionary changes is least likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  A change from A to G 
B)  A change from G to A 
C)  A change from T to A 
D)  A change from C to T 
E)  All of the changes are equally likely. 
A)  A change from A to G 
B)  A change from G to A 
C)  A change from T to A 
D)  A change from C to T 
E)  All of the changes are equally likely.

Question 11

Suppose a biologist has data showing both the divergence times between species and the number of changes at a gene for the species.Now suppose that the biologist plots divergence time on the x axis and the number of changes on the y axis.If a molecular clock is operating, then the slope of that curve must be

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing. 
B)  constant. 
C)  decreasing. 
D)  one change per million years. 
E)  zero. 
A)  increasing. 
B)  constant. 
C)  decreasing. 
D)  one change per million years. 
E)  zero.

Question 12

Refer to the figure.   Which of the following is most likely a synapomorphy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species A and D both having stripe 1 
B)  Species E and F both lacking stripe 1 
C)  Species E and G both lacking stripe 2 
D)  Species A and G both lacking stripe 3 
E)  Species E and G both being green 
A)  Species A and D both having stripe 1 
B)  Species E and F both lacking stripe 1 
C)  Species E and G both lacking stripe 2 
D)  Species A and G both lacking stripe 3 
E)  Species E and G both being green

Question 13

Refer to the figure.   The figure shows the phylogeny of seven species of beetles (A through G).The figure also shows whether the beetles have (marked with check) or do not have (marked with an x) one of three stripes.It also states the color of the beetle (R for red and G for green).
A synapomorphy shared by species C and D, but not by species A and B, is the presence of stripe _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.   The...

Question 14

"More complicated explanations are accepted only when the evidence requires them." Which does the preceding statement best summarize?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taxonomy 
B)  Systematics 
C)  Parsimony 
D)  Synapomorphy 
E)  Homoplasy 
A)  Taxonomy 
B)  Systematics 
C)  Parsimony 
D)  Synapomorphy 
E)  Homoplasy

Question 15

Refer to the figure.   Based on this phylogenetic tree, we can conclude that gizzards

Accepted Answer

A)  evolved after feathers. 
B)  were absent in the common ancestor of crocodiles and pigeons. 
C)  are a synapomorphy uniting pigeons and crocodiles. 
D)  evolved before scales. 
E)  were present in the common ancestor of lizards and pigeons. 
A)  evolved after feathers. 
B)  were absent in the common ancestor of crocodiles and pigeons. 
C)  are a synapomorphy uniting pigeons and crocodiles. 
D)  evolved before scales. 
E)  were present in the common ancestor of lizards and pigeons.

Question 16

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses.   As the figure shows, phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  monophyletic; monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
C)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
D)  polyphyletic; monophyletic 
E)  polyphyletic; paraphyletic 
A)  monophyletic; monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
C)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
D)  polyphyletic; monophyletic 
E)  polyphyletic; paraphyletic

Question 17

Studies of female platyfishes, whose male counterparts have a variety of tail shapes, show that the females prefer male fish with artificial swordlike structures attached to their tails.This observation is most consistent with the

Accepted Answer

A)  notion of a molecular clock. 
B)  maximum likelihood principle. 
C)  sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
D)  principle of homoplasy. 
E)  parsimony principle. 
A)  notion of a molecular clock. 
B)  maximum likelihood principle. 
C)  sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
D)  principle of homoplasy. 
E)  parsimony principle.

Question 18

Refer to the figure.   Which statement about the evolution of color is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Green coloration is a synapomorphy of the clade consisting of species E, F, and G. 
B)  Red coloration is a syapomorphy of the clade consisting of species A, B, C, and D. 
C)  Red coloration evolved more than once in this group. 
D)  Red coloration is ancestral. 
E)  Green coloration evolved more than once in this group. 
A)  Green coloration is a synapomorphy of the clade consisting of species E, F, and G. 
B)  Red coloration is a syapomorphy of the clade consisting of species A, B, C, and D. 
C)  Red coloration evolved more than once in this group. 
D)  Red coloration is ancestral. 
E)  Green coloration evolved more than once in this group.

Question 19

If you wanted to understand the evolution of tetrapods, why would it be valuable to examine traits in perch? Use the terms "ingroup" and "outgroup" in your explanation.

Accepted Answer

Perch are a close outgroup to

Question 20

Which statement about the taxon "family" is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Families are composed of groups of genera. 
B)  Groups of families fit into orders. 
C)  A "family" in one group must be roughly equivalent (in number of genera) to a "family" in another group. 
D)  Family names are not written in italics. 
E)  Family names are based on the name of a member genus. 
A)  Families are composed of groups of genera. 
B)  Groups of families fit into orders. 
C)  A "family" in one group must be roughly equivalent (in number of genera) to a "family" in another group. 
D)  Family names are not written in italics. 
E)  Family names are based on the name of a member genus.

Exam 21: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Histone genes, which evolve very slowly, would most likely be used to study relationships

Refer to the phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits. According to the phylogenetic tree, chimpanzees and pigeons share _______ of the listed synapomorphies.

In the case in which phylogenetic analysis of HIV was used to convict a physician of purposely injecting blood from his HIV-positive patient into his former girlfriend, the victim's HIV sequences were _______ and the patient's HIV sequences were _______.

Which is a property of evolution assumed by the molecular clock hypothesis?

Which statement about monophyletic groups is true?

The hypothesis that the rate at which a particular molecule evolved among different species is consistent enough to serve as a guide to evolutionary divergence is known as the _______ hypothesis.

Several species of frogs are sister species and share the same color patterns, not found in other frogs.This pattern was determined to be a derived trait.Hence, these patterns should be considered _______.

Based on what you know about transitions and transversions, which of the following evolutionary changes is least likely?

Refer to the figure. Which of the following is most likely a synapomorphy?

"More complicated explanations are accepted only when the evidence requires them." Which does the preceding statement best summarize?

Refer to the figure. Based on this phylogenetic tree, we can conclude that gizzards

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses. As the figure shows, phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

Studies of female platyfishes, whose male counterparts have a variety of tail shapes, show that the females prefer male fish with artificial swordlike structures attached to their tails.This observation is most consistent with the

Refer to the figure. Which statement about the evolution of color is most likely true?

If you wanted to understand the evolution of tetrapods, why would it be valuable to examine traits in perch? Use the terms "ingroup" and "outgroup" in your explanation.

Which statement about the taxon "family" is false?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Communication and Multicellularity

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinant Dna and Biotechnology

Mechanisms of Evolution

Speciation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Glia, and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen Excretion

Animal Behavior

The Physical Environment and Biogeography of Life

Populations

Species Interactions

Communities

Ecosystems

A Changing Biosphere

Filters

In the case in which phylogenetic analysis of HIV was used to convict a physician of purposely injecting blood from his HIV-positive patient into his former girlfriend, the victim's HIV sequences were _ and the patient's HIV sequences were _.

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses. As the figure shows, phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _ and SIV is _.