Question 1

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses.   Based on the diagram, which statement about HIV is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  HIV in humans forms a clade. 
B)  All HIV variants in humans were derived from viruses in chimpanzees. 
C)  All HIV variants in humans were derived from viruses in sooty mangabeys. 
D)  HIV likely entered the human population from hunters who cut themselves as they were skinning primates. 
E)  The two forms of HIV arose from the same simian species. 
A)  HIV in humans forms a clade. 
B)  All HIV variants in humans were derived from viruses in chimpanzees. 
C)  All HIV variants in humans were derived from viruses in sooty mangabeys. 
D)  HIV likely entered the human population from hunters who cut themselves as they were skinning primates. 
E)  The two forms of HIV arose from the same simian species.

Question 2

Refer to the figure.   Which species is most closely related to the clade formed by species A and species B?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species C 
B)  Species D 
C)  Species E 
D)  Species D and E are equally closely related to the clade, and both are more closely related to the clade than is species C. 
E)  Species C, D, and E are equally closely related to the clade. 
A)  Species C 
B)  Species D 
C)  Species E 
D)  Species D and E are equally closely related to the clade, and both are more closely related to the clade than is species C. 
E)  Species C, D, and E are equally closely related to the clade.

Question 3

Refer to the figure showing a single viral plaque that was split every 400 generations and grown in the presence of a mutagen.   Based on this tree, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lineage A should have evolved fewer differences from the outgroup than any other lineage. 
B)  Lineage D should have evolved more differences from lineage C than from lineage E. 
C)  Lineage H should have evolved about as many differences from lineage F as it has from lineage B. 
D)  Lineage G should have evolved more differences from the outgroup than from any other lineage. 
E)  Lineage A should have evolved as many differences from the outgroup as lineage F has from the outgroup. 
A)  Lineage A should have evolved fewer differences from the outgroup than any other lineage. 
B)  Lineage D should have evolved more differences from lineage C than from lineage E. 
C)  Lineage H should have evolved about as many differences from lineage F as it has from lineage B. 
D)  Lineage G should have evolved more differences from the outgroup than from any other lineage. 
E)  Lineage A should have evolved as many differences from the outgroup as lineage F has from the outgroup.

Question 4

Which statement about molecular clocks is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They can be used for protein, as well as DNA, data. 
B)  They must be calibrated by independent sources of data. 
C)  They can be used for recent, as well as more ancient, dates. 
D)  All DNA molecules evolve according to the same molecular clock. 
E)  They assume that changes accumulate more or less linearly with time. 
A)  They can be used for protein, as well as DNA, data. 
B)  They must be calibrated by independent sources of data. 
C)  They can be used for recent, as well as more ancient, dates. 
D)  All DNA molecules evolve according to the same molecular clock. 
E)  They assume that changes accumulate more or less linearly with time.

Question 5

Females from some species of birds prefer computer-generated songs that are more complex than what they would hear in nature.Such observations

Accepted Answer

A)  challenge the principle of parsimony. 
B)  support the principle of parsimony. 
C)  challenge the molecular clock hypothesis. 
D)  support the sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
E)  challenge the sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
A)  challenge the principle of parsimony. 
B)  support the principle of parsimony. 
C)  challenge the molecular clock hypothesis. 
D)  support the sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
E)  challenge the sensory exploitation hypothesis.

Question 6

Males of a species of sparrow sing very rapid songs.Experimental evidence shows that females of this species prefer these fast songs over slowed-down songs.Which would be the strongest support for the sensory exploitation hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Related species have males that also sing very fast, and females also prefer these fast songs. 
B)  Related species have males that also sing very fast, but females prefer males with slower songs. 
C)  Related species have males that do not sing as fast, but the females from these other species also prefer very fast songs over songs of males from their own species. 
D)  Related species have males that do not sing as fast, and females from these species prefer the song speeds of males of their own species. 
E)  Females of related species are indifferent to the speed of the males' songs. 
A)  Related species have males that also sing very fast, and females also prefer these fast songs. 
B)  Related species have males that also sing very fast, but females prefer males with slower songs. 
C)  Related species have males that do not sing as fast, but the females from these other species also prefer very fast songs over songs of males from their own species. 
D)  Related species have males that do not sing as fast, and females from these species prefer the song speeds of males of their own species. 
E)  Females of related species are indifferent to the speed of the males' songs.

Question 7

Microsatellite DNA has a high mutation rate and thus evolves quickly.It would most likely be useful in determining phylogenetic relationships

Accepted Answer

A)  in bacteria. 
B)  in fungi. 
C)  among closely related species. 
D)  among orders of insects. 
E)  in plants. 
A)  in bacteria. 
B)  in fungi. 
C)  among closely related species. 
D)  among orders of insects. 
E)  in plants.

Question 8

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  All homoplasies are evolutionary reversals. 
B)  All evolutionary reversals are homoplasies. 
C)  All homologous features are evolutionary reversals. 
D)  All homoplasies are homologous features. 
E)  All derived characters are homoplasies. 
A)  All homoplasies are evolutionary reversals. 
B)  All evolutionary reversals are homoplasies. 
C)  All homologous features are evolutionary reversals. 
D)  All homoplasies are homologous features. 
E)  All derived characters are homoplasies.

Question 9

Which statement concerning the use of mathematical models such as maximum likelihood methods is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They identify the tree that is most likely to have produced the observed data. 
B)  They are most often used with molecular data. 
C)  They incorporate more information than parsimony methods do. 
D)  They are easier to treat in a statistical framework than other models are. 
E)  They cannot account for transitions between purines and pyrimidines. 
A)  They identify the tree that is most likely to have produced the observed data. 
B)  They are most often used with molecular data. 
C)  They incorporate more information than parsimony methods do. 
D)  They are easier to treat in a statistical framework than other models are. 
E)  They cannot account for transitions between purines and pyrimidines.

Question 10

What is the purpose of GenBank?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can put organisms into monophyletic groups. 
B)  It is a replacement for the principle of parsimony. 
C)  It is a proposed universal system to classify organisms. 
D)  It is useful in calibrating molecular clocks. 
E)  It stores large amounts of genetic information about organisms. 
A)  It can put organisms into monophyletic groups. 
B)  It is a replacement for the principle of parsimony. 
C)  It is a proposed universal system to classify organisms. 
D)  It is useful in calibrating molecular clocks. 
E)  It stores large amounts of genetic information about organisms.

Question 11

What is the primary limitation of the use of fossil data in phylogenetic studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fossil data cannot be used to determine whether a trait is ancestral or derived. 
B)  The fossil record is missing or fragmentary for many groups of organisms. 
C)  The fossil record cannot tell us what organisms looked like in the past. 
D)  Only DNA data is useful in phylogenetic analysis. 
E)  The fossil record does not provide information about when groups diverged from one another. 
A)  Fossil data cannot be used to determine whether a trait is ancestral or derived. 
B)  The fossil record is missing or fragmentary for many groups of organisms. 
C)  The fossil record cannot tell us what organisms looked like in the past. 
D)  Only DNA data is useful in phylogenetic analysis. 
E)  The fossil record does not provide information about when groups diverged from one another.

Question 12

Refer to the diagram below showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses.   Based on the information in the figure, can we infer whether HIV-1 or HIV-2 moved into humans first? Explain.

Accepted Answer

No. We cannot infer when the v

Question 13

Refer to the figure showing a single viral plaque that was split every 400 generations and grown in the presence of a mutagen.   Aside from increasing the mutation rate, what was the purpose of the mutagen? What would likely happen if it were not used?

Accepted Answer

The mutagen was added to increase the oc

Question 14

Refer to the phylogenetic tree below showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits.   According to the phylogenetic tree, which traits do chimpanzees and crocodiles share?

Accepted Answer

Jaws, lung

Question 15

Which organisms did Hillis and colleagues use to test the accuracy of the phylogenetic methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteriophages 
B)  Bacteria 
C)  Yeast 
D)  Drosophila 
E)  Texas longhorn cattle 
A)  Bacteriophages 
B)  Bacteria 
C)  Yeast 
D)  Drosophila 
E)  Texas longhorn cattle

Question 16

Several distantly related lineages of vertebrates have shown decreases in size when they have adapted to living on islands.What is the most likely explanation for this decrease in size?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a synapomorphy. 
B)  It arose via convergent evolution. 
C)  It is a homologous trait. 
D)  It is an ancestral trait. 
E)  It is an evolutionary reversal. 
A)  It is a synapomorphy. 
B)  It arose via convergent evolution. 
C)  It is a homologous trait. 
D)  It is an ancestral trait. 
E)  It is an evolutionary reversal.

Question 17

Refer to the phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits.   According to the phylogenetic tree, which synapomorphy unites the salamander and the lizard?

Accepted Answer

A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Claws or nails 
E)  Lungs 
A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Claws or nails 
E)  Lungs

Question 18

Refer to the figure.   Which of the three phylogenetic trees of the Drosophila species is different from the other two? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Tree 3. It places D. simulans

Question 19

Refer to the table.   The table shows the presence or absence of some derived traits in eight species of vertebrates.If you wanted to classify all of the recent animals that have jaws, lungs, and either claws or nails, which animal would you use as the nearest related outgroup? Why?

Accepted Answer

The salamander. It has both lungs and ja

Question 20

Compared with what was observed by Hillis and colleagues, in the absence of a mutagen, the extent of homoplasy would have been reduced and the rate of evolution would have been _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared with what was observed by Hillis...

Exam 21: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Refer to the figure showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses. Based on the diagram, which statement about HIV is true?

Refer to the figure. Which species is most closely related to the clade formed by species A and species B?

Refer to the figure showing a single viral plaque that was split every 400 generations and grown in the presence of a mutagen. Based on this tree, which statement is true?

Which statement about molecular clocks is false?

Females from some species of birds prefer computer-generated songs that are more complex than what they would hear in nature.Such observations

Males of a species of sparrow sing very rapid songs.Experimental evidence shows that females of this species prefer these fast songs over slowed-down songs.Which would be the strongest support for the sensory exploitation hypothesis?

Microsatellite DNA has a high mutation rate and thus evolves quickly.It would most likely be useful in determining phylogenetic relationships

Which statement is true?

Which statement concerning the use of mathematical models such as maximum likelihood methods is false?

What is the purpose of GenBank?

What is the primary limitation of the use of fossil data in phylogenetic studies?

Refer to the diagram below showing a phylogenetic tree of immunodeficiency viruses. Based on the information in the figure, can we infer whether HIV-1 or HIV-2 moved into humans first? Explain.

Refer to the figure showing a single viral plaque that was split every 400 generations and grown in the presence of a mutagen. Aside from increasing the mutation rate, what was the purpose of the mutagen? What would likely happen if it were not used?

Refer to the phylogenetic tree below showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits. According to the phylogenetic tree, which traits do chimpanzees and crocodiles share?

Which organisms did Hillis and colleagues use to test the accuracy of the phylogenetic methods?

Several distantly related lineages of vertebrates have shown decreases in size when they have adapted to living on islands.What is the most likely explanation for this decrease in size?

Refer to the phylogenetic tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among eight species.Red dots indicate the appearance of derived traits. According to the phylogenetic tree, which synapomorphy unites the salamander and the lizard?

Refer to the figure. Which of the three phylogenetic trees of the Drosophila species is different from the other two? Explain.

Refer to the table. The table shows the presence or absence of some derived traits in eight species of vertebrates.If you wanted to classify all of the recent animals that have jaws, lungs, and either claws or nails, which animal would you use as the nearest related outgroup? Why?

Compared with what was observed by Hillis and colleagues, in the absence of a mutagen, the extent of homoplasy would have been reduced and the rate of evolution would have been _______.

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