Question 1

Describe the correlational and experimental research designs. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each design.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 2

Children under the age of 18 are not legally capable of giving informed consent to participate in research, therefore their parents or guardians must be asked for consent as well.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is

Accepted Answer

A)  usually done by the researcher alone. 
B)  typically done by a review board. 
C)  arbitrary because no one has established uniform guidelines for making decisions about whether research is ethical. 
D)  determined by whether a study is deemed as being worthy of publication. 
A)  usually done by the researcher alone. 
B)  typically done by a review board. 
C)  arbitrary because no one has established uniform guidelines for making decisions about whether research is ethical. 
D)  determined by whether a study is deemed as being worthy of publication.

Question 4

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behavior is a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  maturation. 
B)  tabula rasa. 
C)  self-efficacy. 
D)  imprinting. 
A)  maturation. 
B)  tabula rasa. 
C)  self-efficacy. 
D)  imprinting.

Question 5

The ego, one of Freud's components of personality, tries to resolve the conflicts between one's biological desires and society's standards.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development, while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment. 
B)  Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. 
C)  Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behavior while Bandura does not. 
D)  Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not. 
A)  Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development, while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment. 
B)  Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. 
C)  Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behavior while Bandura does not. 
D)  Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

Question 7

Psychosocial theory is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  Arnold Gesell. 
B)  Sigmund Freud. 
C)  Erik Erikson. 
D)  Albert Bandura. 
A)  Arnold Gesell. 
B)  Sigmund Freud. 
C)  Erik Erikson. 
D)  Albert Bandura.

Question 8

A correlation of .82 was found between the number of hours studied and final exam scores. This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  students who studied less received higher exam scores. 
B)  students who studied less received lower exam scores. 
C)  studying caused students to receive higher exam scores. 
D)  the amount of studying was unrelated to exam scores. 
A)  students who studied less received higher exam scores. 
B)  students who studied less received lower exam scores. 
C)  studying caused students to receive higher exam scores. 
D)  the amount of studying was unrelated to exam scores.

Question 9

When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's, his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris's future behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  punishment 
D)  self-efficacy 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  punishment 
D)  self-efficacy

Question 10

If an ego could talk, it might say

Accepted Answer

A)  "I want to eat NOW!" 
B)  "Do you think that is the right and honorable way to act?" 
C)  "Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally." 
D)  "Is that what your mother would do?" 
A)  "I want to eat NOW!" 
B)  "Do you think that is the right and honorable way to act?" 
C)  "Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally." 
D)  "Is that what your mother would do?"

Question 11

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will

Accepted Answer

A)  be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living. 
B)  establish a loving relationship with another person. 
C)  develop the ability to try new things and handle failure. 
D)  have difficulty forming intimate relationships. 
A)  be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living. 
B)  establish a loving relationship with another person. 
C)  develop the ability to try new things and handle failure. 
D)  have difficulty forming intimate relationships.

Question 12

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychosocial 
B)  psychodynamic 
C)  maturational 
D)  ethological 
A)  psychosocial 
B)  psychodynamic 
C)  maturational 
D)  ethological

Question 13

A correlation coefficient of .85 indicates that two variables are positively related (e.g., children who watch many violent TV shows are more aggressive).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The view that children are active in their development means that children are at the mercy of their environments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are difficult to use with behaviors that are rare or that typically occur in private settings. 
B)  They may be invalid because they cannot sample behavior as it occurs naturally. 
C)  They may be invalid because structured settings distort the behavior. 
D)  They may be invalid because children answer incorrectly due to forgetting or response bias. 
A)  They are difficult to use with behaviors that are rare or that typically occur in private settings. 
B)  They may be invalid because they cannot sample behavior as it occurs naturally. 
C)  They may be invalid because structured settings distort the behavior. 
D)  They may be invalid because children answer incorrectly due to forgetting or response bias.

Question 16

___________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychodynamic 
B)  Ecological 
C)  Maturational 
D)  Cognitive developmental 
A)  Psychodynamic 
B)  Ecological 
C)  Maturational 
D)  Cognitive developmental

Question 17

Name and briefly describe the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 18

A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates what about the relation between two variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  The two variables are directly related. 
B)  The two variables are inversely related. 
C)  The two variables are completely unrelated. 
D)  This coefficient indicates which variable was the "cause" and which the "effect." 
A)  The two variables are directly related. 
B)  The two variables are inversely related. 
C)  The two variables are completely unrelated. 
D)  This coefficient indicates which variable was the "cause" and which the "effect."

Question 19

According to ethologists, some behaviors can only be learned

Accepted Answer

A)  when the behavior is reinforced and opposing behaviors are punished. 
B)  through observational learning. 
C)  during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behavior. 
D)  when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved. 
A)  when the behavior is reinforced and opposing behaviors are punished. 
B)  through observational learning. 
C)  during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behavior. 
D)  when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of naturalistic observations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers usually record all of a child's behaviors. 
B)  Because children are being observed in their natural settings, the behavior of interest is less likely to be disturbed. 
C)  This method is useful for studying phenomena that occur rarely. 
D)  This method is useful for studying behaviors that occur in private settings. 
A)  Researchers usually record all of a child's behaviors. 
B)  Because children are being observed in their natural settings, the behavior of interest is less likely to be disturbed. 
C)  This method is useful for studying phenomena that occur rarely. 
D)  This method is useful for studying behaviors that occur in private settings.

Describe the correlational and experimental research designs. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each design.

Children under the age of 18 are not legally capable of giving informed consent to participate in research, therefore their parents or guardians must be asked for consent as well.

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behavior is a result of

The ego, one of Freud's components of personality, tries to resolve the conflicts between one's biological desires and society's standards.

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

Psychosocial theory is associated with

A correlation of .82 was found between the number of hours studied and final exam scores. This means that

When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's, his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris's future behavior.

If an ego could talk, it might say

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

A correlation coefficient of .85 indicates that two variables are positively related (e.g., children who watch many violent TV shows are more aggressive).

The view that children are active in their development means that children are at the mercy of their environments.

Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

___________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

Name and briefly describe the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates what about the relation between two variables?

According to ethologists, some behaviors can only be learned

Which of the following is true of naturalistic observations?

Genetic Bases of Child Development

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Growth and Health

Perceptual and Motor Development

Theories of Cognitive Development

Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

Language and Communication

Emotional Development

Understanding Self and Others

Moral Understanding and Behavior

Gender and Development

Family Relationships

Influences Beyond the Family

Filters

Exam 1: The Science of Child Development

Describe the correlational and experimental research designs. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each design.

Children under the age of 18 are not legally capable of giving informed consent to participate in research, therefore their parents or guardians must be asked for consent as well.

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behavior is a result of

The ego, one of Freud's components of personality, tries to resolve the conflicts between one's biological desires and society's standards.

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

Psychosocial theory is associated with

A correlation of .82 was found between the number of hours studied and final exam scores. This means that

When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's, his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris's future behavior.

If an ego could talk, it might say

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

A correlation coefficient of .85 indicates that two variables are positively related (e.g., children who watch many violent TV shows are more aggressive).

The view that children are active in their development means that children are at the mercy of their environments.

Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

___________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

Name and briefly describe the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates what about the relation between two variables?

According to ethologists, some behaviors can only be learned

Which of the following is true of naturalistic observations?

Genetic Bases of Child Development

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Growth and Health

Perceptual and Motor Development

Theories of Cognitive Development

Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

Language and Communication

Emotional Development

Understanding Self and Others

Moral Understanding and Behavior

Gender and Development

Family Relationships

Influences Beyond the Family

Filters