Question 1

_____ is(are) NOT an example of a general cognitive process that contributes to development.

Accepted Answer

A)  Content knowledge 
B)  Metacognition 
C)  Strategies 
D)  Scaffolding 
A)  Content knowledge 
B)  Metacognition 
C)  Strategies 
D)  Scaffolding D

Question 2

In countries in which the degree of income inequality is large, differences in economic circumstances:

Accepted Answer

A)  play a relatively small role in differences in development between poor and wealthy children. 
B)  play a relatively large role in differences in development between poor and wealthy children. 
C)  are entirely irrelevant to differences in development between poor and wealthy children. 
D)  are of similar magnitude to that of countries in which the degree of income inequality is small. 
A)  play a relatively small role in differences in development between poor and wealthy children. 
B)  play a relatively large role in differences in development between poor and wealthy children. 
C)  are entirely irrelevant to differences in development between poor and wealthy children. 
D)  are of similar magnitude to that of countries in which the degree of income inequality is small. B

Question 3

Which statement provides an example of a cognitive change mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn. 
A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn. B

Question 4

Which statement is NOT an example of nature eliciting nurture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents of negative, unregulated children may become increasingly punitive over time. 
B)  Fetuses' exposure to their mothers' voices in the womb leads to their learning to prefer their mothers' voices over those of other women. 
C)  Children who are attractive are treated differently by adults and peers than children who are unattractive. 
D)  Babies who enjoy being cuddled are more likely to receive cuddling than are squirmy babies. 
A)  Parents of negative, unregulated children may become increasingly punitive over time. 
B)  Fetuses' exposure to their mothers' voices in the womb leads to their learning to prefer their mothers' voices over those of other women. 
C)  Children who are attractive are treated differently by adults and peers than children who are unattractive. 
D)  Babies who enjoy being cuddled are more likely to receive cuddling than are squirmy babies.

Question 5

Which factor is NOT a key criterion in establishing which characteristics are considered important individual differences?

Accepted Answer

A)  stability over time 
B)  ability to predict future outcomes 
C)  relation to intelligence 
D)  association with other conceptually related characteristics 
A)  stability over time 
B)  ability to predict future outcomes 
C)  relation to intelligence 
D)  association with other conceptually related characteristics

Question 6

Which statement about the stability of individual differences in the intellectual domain and in the social domain is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neither domain shows a great deal of stability. 
B)  The intellectual domain shows a great deal of stability, but the social domain does not. 
C)  The social domain shows a great deal of stability, but the intellectual domain does not. 
D)  Both domains show some stability, but stability is greater in the intellectual domain. 
A)  Neither domain shows a great deal of stability. 
B)  The intellectual domain shows a great deal of stability, but the social domain does not. 
C)  The social domain shows a great deal of stability, but the intellectual domain does not. 
D)  Both domains show some stability, but stability is greater in the intellectual domain.

Question 7

The development of _____ is influenced by societal values.

Accepted Answer

A)  parent‒child attachment 
B)  motor skills 
C)  cognitive skills 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  parent‒child attachment 
B)  motor skills 
C)  cognitive skills 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

_____ is an example of a domain-specific learning mechanism.

Accepted Answer

A)  Metacognition about strategy choice 
B)  Recognizing objects as familiar 
C)  Mutual exclusivity assumption in word learning 
D)  Habituation 
A)  Metacognition about strategy choice 
B)  Recognizing objects as familiar 
C)  Mutual exclusivity assumption in word learning 
D)  Habituation

Question 9

An example of a biological change mechanism is:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  synaptic pruning. 
D)  children's informal theories. 
A)  conditioning. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  synaptic pruning. 
D)  children's informal theories.

Question 10

Which aspect of nature reveals itself completely at birth?

Accepted Answer

A)  attractiveness 
B)  nearsightedness 
C)  brain damage 
D)  none of these aspects 
A)  attractiveness 
B)  nearsightedness 
C)  brain damage 
D)  none of these aspects

Question 11

Sensitive periods occur in which domains of development?

Accepted Answer

A)  physical and cognitive 
B)  physical, cognitive, and intellectual 
C)  physical, cognitive, intellectual, and social 
D)  physical, cognitive, intellectual, social, and emotional 
A)  physical and cognitive 
B)  physical, cognitive, and intellectual 
C)  physical, cognitive, intellectual, and social 
D)  physical, cognitive, intellectual, social, and emotional

Question 12

Which infant is unable to actively influence his environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Andrew, who is blind 
B)  Bobby, who is paralyzed 
C)  Elias, who is severely cognitively impaired 
D)  None of these; Andrew, Bobby, and Elias are all able to actively influence their environments. 
A)  Andrew, who is blind 
B)  Bobby, who is paralyzed 
C)  Elias, who is severely cognitively impaired 
D)  None of these; Andrew, Bobby, and Elias are all able to actively influence their environments.

Question 13

Which statement is NOT an example of the importance of timing on the relation between nature and nurture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants who are impulsive are more likely than other infants to exhibit antisocial behaviour in later childhood. 
B)  If infants who are born with a defect that inhibits their ability to focus their eyes on the same point are not given restorative surgery by the age of 3, they will never have normal depth perception. 
C)  Infants have the ability to hear differences in phonemes that are not important in their native language, but they lose this ability after 12 months of age. 
D)  Maternal rubella causes visual and auditory damage to the fetus when the rubella occurs early in pregnancy, but not when it occurs late in pregnancy. 
A)  Infants who are impulsive are more likely than other infants to exhibit antisocial behaviour in later childhood. 
B)  If infants who are born with a defect that inhibits their ability to focus their eyes on the same point are not given restorative surgery by the age of 3, they will never have normal depth perception. 
C)  Infants have the ability to hear differences in phonemes that are not important in their native language, but they lose this ability after 12 months of age. 
D)  Maternal rubella causes visual and auditory damage to the fetus when the rubella occurs early in pregnancy, but not when it occurs late in pregnancy.

Question 14

Which historical change(s) has/have influenced children's development to be different now as compared to the past?

Accepted Answer

A)  health care 
B)  rates of divorce 
C)  access to media 
D)  all of these changes 
A)  health care 
B)  rates of divorce 
C)  access to media 
D)  all of these changes

Question 15

Whether one primarily sees continuities or discontinuities in development is, to a great deal, dependent on which factors?

Accepted Answer

A)  domain of development 
B)  whether one is looking at infants, young children, older children, or adolescents 
C)  the breadth of one's focus 
D)  whether one considers nature or nurture to be at the core of development 
A)  domain of development 
B)  whether one is looking at infants, young children, older children, or adolescents 
C)  the breadth of one's focus 
D)  whether one considers nature or nurture to be at the core of development

Question 16

Which statement about who children imitate is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children are more likely to imitate those with whom they have positive relationships. 
B)  Children rarely imitate people other than their parents. 
C)  Children imitate all adults and peers equally. 
D)  Children rarely imitate adults. 
A)  Children are more likely to imitate those with whom they have positive relationships. 
B)  Children rarely imitate people other than their parents. 
C)  Children imitate all adults and peers equally. 
D)  Children rarely imitate adults.

Question 17

Which statement is supported by child psychological research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Help at-risk children early, before children's lives are even more poorly affected. 
B)  Help at-risk children later, when you can better assess their problems. 
C)  It does not matter when you help at-risk children, as long as they are helped at some point in their lives. 
D)  At-risk children can rarely be helped. 
A)  Help at-risk children early, before children's lives are even more poorly affected. 
B)  Help at-risk children later, when you can better assess their problems. 
C)  It does not matter when you help at-risk children, as long as they are helped at some point in their lives. 
D)  At-risk children can rarely be helped.

Question 18

Which statement does NOT provide an example of how children elicit reactions from other people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attractive babies are treated more affectionately than are unattractive babies. 
B)  Children with difficult temperaments are treated less positively by their parents than are children with easy temperaments. 
C)  Children who show an interest in learning are more likely to be given extra assignments from their teachers than are children who do not show an interest in learning. 
D)  Children who have poor emotional regulation tend to have parents with poor emotional regulation. 
A)  Attractive babies are treated more affectionately than are unattractive babies. 
B)  Children with difficult temperaments are treated less positively by their parents than are children with easy temperaments. 
C)  Children who show an interest in learning are more likely to be given extra assignments from their teachers than are children who do not show an interest in learning. 
D)  Children who have poor emotional regulation tend to have parents with poor emotional regulation.

Question 19

Which statement provides an example of a behavioural change mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn. 
A)  Synapses that are not needed are reduced. 
B)  Individuals generalize from one instance to another. 
C)  Children who are athletic seek out athletic activities. 
D)  Parents use social scaffolding to help children learn.

Question 20

What is the MOST important factor related to effectively helping a maltreated child?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychiatric care 
B)  early intervention 
C)  financial assistance 
D)  removal from the home 
A)  psychiatric care 
B)  early intervention 
C)  financial assistance 
D)  removal from the home

Exam 16: Section 2: Conclusions

_____ is(are) NOT an example of a general cognitive process that contributes to development.

In countries in which the degree of income inequality is large, differences in economic circumstances:

Which statement provides an example of a cognitive change mechanism?

Which statement is NOT an example of nature eliciting nurture?

Which factor is NOT a key criterion in establishing which characteristics are considered important individual differences?

Which statement about the stability of individual differences in the intellectual domain and in the social domain is true?

The development of _____ is influenced by societal values.

_____ is an example of a domain-specific learning mechanism.

An example of a biological change mechanism is:

Which aspect of nature reveals itself completely at birth?

Sensitive periods occur in which domains of development?

Which infant is unable to actively influence his environment?

Which statement is NOT an example of the importance of timing on the relation between nature and nurture?

Which historical change(s) has/have influenced children's development to be different now as compared to the past?

Whether one primarily sees continuities or discontinuities in development is, to a great deal, dependent on which factors?

Which statement about who children imitate is true?

Which statement is supported by child psychological research?

Which statement does NOT provide an example of how children elicit reactions from other people?

Which statement provides an example of a behavioural change mechanism?

What is the MOST important factor related to effectively helping a maltreated child?

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

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