Chat with AIExam 11: Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self
Describe the notion of the internal working model of attachment. What does this working model include? What type of internal working model is associated with having unresponsive, uncaring, and unavailable caregivers? What about caregivers who are accessible and responsive?
Is it important for individuals to have a strong ethnic identity? Why or why not? Be specific, and provide supportive examples.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotIt is important for individuals to have a strong ethnic identity for several reasons. Firstly, a strong ethnic identity can provide individuals with a sense of belonging and connection to their cultural heritage. This can help individuals feel rooted in their traditions and customs, and can provide a source of pride and self-esteem. For example, someone who has a strong ethnic identity may feel a deep connection to their family's cultural practices, such as celebrating traditional holidays or participating in cultural events.
Additionally, a strong ethnic identity can also help individuals navigate and understand their place in the world. It can provide a framework for understanding their own experiences and the experiences of others, and can help individuals develop a sense of empathy and understanding for people from different backgrounds. For example, someone with a strong ethnic identity may be more likely to advocate for the rights and representation of their ethnic community, and may be more aware of the challenges and discrimination that their community faces.
However, it is also important to recognize that individuals may have complex and multifaceted identities, and that a strong ethnic identity is just one aspect of a person's overall identity. It is important for individuals to have the freedom to explore and define their own identities, and to not feel limited by societal expectations or stereotypes associated with their ethnic background.
In conclusion, having a strong ethnic identity can provide individuals with a sense of belonging, pride, and understanding of their place in the world. It can also help individuals develop empathy and awareness of the experiences of others. However, it is important for individuals to have the freedom to define their own identities and not feel constrained by societal expectations.
Describe the current psychological thinking about what causes people to be attracted to same-sex individuals. How prevalent is same-sex attraction in youth, and what challenges do they face that are different from those faced by other youth?
(41) Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThe current psychological thinking about what causes people to be attracted to same-sex individuals is that it is a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Research suggests that sexual orientation is not a choice, but rather a natural and normal variation of human sexuality. There is evidence to suggest that genetics, prenatal hormone exposure, and social and environmental factors all play a role in shaping sexual orientation.
The prevalence of same-sex attraction in youth varies depending on the study and the population being studied. However, research suggests that a significant number of young people experience same-sex attraction at some point during their adolescence. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 8.2% of high school students in the United States identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
Youth who experience same-sex attraction may face unique challenges compared to their heterosexual peers. These challenges can include discrimination, bullying, and rejection from family and peers. They may also struggle with coming to terms with their own sexual orientation and finding acceptance within their communities. Additionally, same-sex attracted youth may face higher rates of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety due to the stress of navigating their identity in a society that may not always be accepting.
It is important for mental health professionals, educators, and parents to provide support and understanding for young people who are experiencing same-sex attraction. Creating safe and inclusive environments for all youth, regardless of sexual orientation, is crucial in helping them navigate the challenges they may face. Additionally, promoting education and awareness about sexual orientation and gender identity can help reduce stigma and discrimination, ultimately improving the well-being of all young people.
Describe the four identity-status categories into which researchers classify adolescents. For each category, provide the criteria used to classify individuals into the category. Then, describe how each of these categories is associated with adjustment and social behaviour.
(33) Briefly describe the Strange Situation. Discuss how infants are classified into each of the attachment groups on the basis of the Strange Situation.
(43) Describe the reciprocal associations between parental sensitivity and children's self-esteem, and between peer acceptance and children's self-esteem. Provide supportive examples.
(29) How is the notion of the "looking glass self" related to the notion of the internal working model? What evidence is there for the validity of the "looking glass self"?
Describe what parents can do to help their adolescents achieve a coherent sense of identity. Be sure to include the parenting techniques or styles that are important, as well as the adolescent behaviours that parents can encourage.
(42) Write a brief article for a parenting magazine on what parents can do to promote high self-esteem in their children. Would this advice differ if the article were directed at parents of ethnic-minority children? at parents of adolescents? at parents of sexual-minority adolescents?
(32) Is it possible for an individual to have a poor ethnic identity and a strong general identity? What about a poor sexual identity and a strong general identity? For both questions, explain why or why not, and provide supportive examples.
(31) Max has an insecure/resistant attachment with his mother. Cassie has a secure attachment with her mother. How is this difference likely to affect their later social and cognitive functioning? Why could this difference in later functioning be predicted?
(35) Describe three characteristics of a child's sense of self, three characteristics of a young adolescent's sense of self, and three characteristics of a late adolescent's sense of self. What cognitive factors are at the foundation of these differences?
(31) Describe the association between the attachments that parents had with their own parents during their childhoods and the attachments their children have with them. What causes this association? Is there any hope of having securely attached children for adults who were insecurely attached to their own parents? Why or why not?
(35) Describe how strangers are used in the Strange Situation. Why did Ainsworth consider this an important part of the procedure?
(40) Describe the notions of a personal fable and a belief in an imaginary audience. Give an example of each. How do these beliefs impact adolescents' social competence? In what ways might these beliefs be helpful to adolescents and in what ways might they be harmful?
(37) Think about the concept of a secure base. First, describe what is meant by this concept. Then, describe how having a secure base can be important for cognitive development and give a specific example. Finally, describe how having a secure base can be important for emotional development and give a specific example.
(36) Describe what differences might be expected between the behaviour exhibited in the Strange Situation by a child who is cared for primarily at home by his or her mother and a child who is in day care. Why might this difference exist? Explain the reason, and provide supportive examples.
(26) Describe the identity status of two people you know well. Classify each of them according to the characteristics of each status. Provide examples as necessary to explain your classification. Provide at least one example of a causal factor involved in the identity formation of each person.
(38) Describe the attachment process and the development and quality of infants' attachment in terms of the roles nature and nurture play. Be specific, and use examples as needed.
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