Question 1

Which of the following best describes the enduring framework for persuasion research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social action, just like physical action, is steered by perception 
B)  Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect 
C)  The whole is the sum of all parts 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Social action, just like physical action, is steered by perception 
B)  Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect 
C)  The whole is the sum of all parts 
D)  None of the above B

Question 2

If all of your friends, mentors, and news sources reinforce your political viewpoints, which of the following has likely occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selective interpretation 
B)  Selective attention 
C)  De facto selective exposure 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Selective interpretation 
B)  Selective attention 
C)  De facto selective exposure 
D)  All of the above C

Question 3

Which of the following theories have provided the most influential approaches to attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive consistency theories 
B)  Cognitive dissonance theories 
C)  Balance theory 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Cognitive consistency theories 
B)  Cognitive dissonance theories 
C)  Balance theory 
D)  All of the above D

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the relationship between a persuasive message, the message's source, and the message's validity, under typical circumstances?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each aspect is weighed independently and compared to the others, to determine the attitudinal balance of the overall triad 
B)  Perceivers tend to create a fit among the aspects, generally judging them all either favorably or unfavorably 
C)  The message itself is seen as most persuasive, followed by the source, and the algebraic combination of the two determine the message's perceived validity 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Each aspect is weighed independently and compared to the others, to determine the attitudinal balance of the overall triad 
B)  Perceivers tend to create a fit among the aspects, generally judging them all either favorably or unfavorably 
C)  The message itself is seen as most persuasive, followed by the source, and the algebraic combination of the two determine the message's perceived validity 
D)  All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following best describes what is meant by temporal self-appraisal theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  People need a long period of time to fully develop evaluative appraisals of their self-concepts 
B)  People tend to disparage their past selves in order to make more favorable social comparisons with their more recent selves 
C)  People tend to have unreasonably optimistic aspirations for their future selves 
D)  All of the above 
A)  People need a long period of time to fully develop evaluative appraisals of their self-concepts 
B)  People tend to disparage their past selves in order to make more favorable social comparisons with their more recent selves 
C)  People tend to have unreasonably optimistic aspirations for their future selves 
D)  All of the above

Question 6

If you decide to train for a marathon, and after completing the marathon, underestimate your level of fitness before you began training, which of the following theories best describes this misperception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive dissonance theories 
B)  Implicit theory 
C)  Self-categorization theories 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Cognitive dissonance theories 
B)  Implicit theory 
C)  Self-categorization theories 
D)  All of the above

Question 7

Selective learning and memory for attitude-consistent information was one of the first questions in attitude research. Which concept yielded "unambiguously inconclusive evidence"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selective learning for attitude consistency 
B)  Attitude-relevant memory 
C)  All of the above 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Selective learning for attitude consistency 
B)  Attitude-relevant memory 
C)  All of the above 
D)  None of the above

Question 8

If you want to encourage someone to avoid selective learning processes, which of the following is most likely to be effective?

Accepted Answer

A)  Frame the issue in question as a knowledge gain, rather than a loss 
B)  Inform the person that there will be a test on the material being presented 
C)  Present the information repeatedly, so it is particularly familiar 
D)  Encourage counter-attitudinal beliefs so the person will be motivated to evaluate both sides of the argument 
A)  Frame the issue in question as a knowledge gain, rather than a loss 
B)  Inform the person that there will be a test on the material being presented 
C)  Present the information repeatedly, so it is particularly familiar 
D)  Encourage counter-attitudinal beliefs so the person will be motivated to evaluate both sides of the argument

Question 9

According to the text, dual attitudes comprise an older, automatic attitude and a newer attitude that is explicitly accessible in memory. Which attitude predominates depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of cognitive unites that comprise each attitude 
B)  The number of recall cues available at the time of retrieval 
C)  The method of expression 
D)  All of the above 
A)  The number of cognitive unites that comprise each attitude 
B)  The number of recall cues available at the time of retrieval 
C)  The method of expression 
D)  All of the above

Question 10

Consistency theories posit a strong ________ basis toward consistency, while cognitive approaches are based on _________ understandings.

Accepted Answer

A)  motivational, cognitive 
B)  behavioral, motivational 
C)  motivational, neurological 
D)  behavioral, cognitive 
A)  motivational, cognitive 
B)  behavioral, motivational 
C)  motivational, neurological 
D)  behavioral, cognitive

Question 11

Which of the following is most likely to be true when an attractive person advocates an unattractive position?

Accepted Answer

A)  The person will seem less attractive due to affective contamination 
B)  The position will seem more valid and persuasive 
C)  The perceiver will increase mental processing of the message and rely less on heuristic judgments 
D)  None of the above 
A)  The person will seem less attractive due to affective contamination 
B)  The position will seem more valid and persuasive 
C)  The perceiver will increase mental processing of the message and rely less on heuristic judgments 
D)  None of the above

Question 12

Based on the research presented in this chapter, which of the following is NOT a function of attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mentally ordering and organizing the world 
B)  Shaping relevant memories 
C)  Increasing self-esteem 
D)  Providing heuristics for appraising new information 
A)  Mentally ordering and organizing the world 
B)  Shaping relevant memories 
C)  Increasing self-esteem 
D)  Providing heuristics for appraising new information

Question 13

Which of the following populations has been shown to engage in phenomenon known as spreading the alternatives?

Accepted Answer

A)  East Asians 
B)  European Americans 
C)  Europeans 
D)  Both B and C 
A)  East Asians 
B)  European Americans 
C)  Europeans 
D)  Both B and C

Question 14

A great deal of research has examined group polarization; which of the following has been shown to best explain this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diffusion of responsibility 
B)  Risk as a value 
C)  Normative influences 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Diffusion of responsibility 
B)  Risk as a value 
C)  Normative influences 
D)  None of the above

Question 15

One example of a consistency theory is the idea that individuals resolve mental discrepancies to avoid the psychological discomfort of holding conflicting beliefs. This theory would best be described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Balance theory 
B)  Cognitive approach 
C)  Metatheoretical approach 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Balance theory 
B)  Cognitive approach 
C)  Metatheoretical approach 
D)  None of the above

Question 16

If expectations about a new co-worker influence judgments of that person's performance, which of the following has likely occurred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selective interpretation 
B)  Selective attention 
C)  De facto selective exposure 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Selective interpretation 
B)  Selective attention 
C)  De facto selective exposure 
D)  None of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is most true about the idea of selective exposure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Driven by honesty and fairness motives 
B)  To reduce cognitive dissonance, people change the ratio of consonant to dissonant cognitions 
C)  Exposure to differing views can drive attitude change 
D)  People typically inhabit environments biased in favor of attitude-consistent cues 
A)  Driven by honesty and fairness motives 
B)  To reduce cognitive dissonance, people change the ratio of consonant to dissonant cognitions 
C)  Exposure to differing views can drive attitude change 
D)  People typically inhabit environments biased in favor of attitude-consistent cues

Question 18

Which of the following is described in the text as the ultimate in value-expressive function, possibly explaining why compromise can seem unthinkable between socio-cultural populations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Strength 
B)  Ideology 
C)  Conviction 
D)  Importance
. 
A)  Strength 
B)  Ideology 
C)  Conviction 
D)  Importance
.

Question 19

According to dissonance theory, if you believe that speeding is wrong, but you speed anyway after waking up late for work, which of the following might you do to reduce dissonance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emphasize your strong work ethic to justify speeding just this once in order to get to work on time 
B)  Decide that the speed limit is too low in your neighborhood 
C)  Notice a driver that is driving faster than you and decide that you are not speeding that much 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Emphasize your strong work ethic to justify speeding just this once in order to get to work on time 
B)  Decide that the speed limit is too low in your neighborhood 
C)  Notice a driver that is driving faster than you and decide that you are not speeding that much 
D)  All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of balanced/imbalanced relationships in memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Balanced relationships are easier to recall because they increase positive affect, which is more deeply encoded in memory 
B)  Balanced relationships are easier to recall because they are efficiently stored in memory as a single cognitive unit 
C)  Imbalanced relationships are easier to recall because they are stored as multiple pieces, increasing the number of connective links between the ideas 
D)  Imbalanced relationships are easier to recall because they provoke a stronger affective response 
A)  Balanced relationships are easier to recall because they increase positive affect, which is more deeply encoded in memory 
B)  Balanced relationships are easier to recall because they are efficiently stored in memory as a single cognitive unit 
C)  Imbalanced relationships are easier to recall because they are stored as multiple pieces, increasing the number of connective links between the ideas 
D)  Imbalanced relationships are easier to recall because they provoke a stronger affective response

Exam 9: Section 1 : Cognitive Structures of Attitudes

Which of the following best describes the enduring framework for persuasion research?

If all of your friends, mentors, and news sources reinforce your political viewpoints, which of the following has likely occurred?

Which of the following theories have provided the most influential approaches to attitudes?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between a persuasive message, the message's source, and the message's validity, under typical circumstances?

Which of the following best describes what is meant by temporal self-appraisal theory?

If you decide to train for a marathon, and after completing the marathon, underestimate your level of fitness before you began training, which of the following theories best describes this misperception?

Selective learning and memory for attitude-consistent information was one of the first questions in attitude research. Which concept yielded "unambiguously inconclusive evidence"?

If you want to encourage someone to avoid selective learning processes, which of the following is most likely to be effective?

According to the text, dual attitudes comprise an older, automatic attitude and a newer attitude that is explicitly accessible in memory. Which attitude predominates depends on which of the following?

Consistency theories posit a strong ________ basis toward consistency, while cognitive approaches are based on _________ understandings.

Which of the following is most likely to be true when an attractive person advocates an unattractive position?

Based on the research presented in this chapter, which of the following is NOT a function of attitudes?

Which of the following populations has been shown to engage in phenomenon known as spreading the alternatives?

A great deal of research has examined group polarization; which of the following has been shown to best explain this phenomenon?

One example of a consistency theory is the idea that individuals resolve mental discrepancies to avoid the psychological discomfort of holding conflicting beliefs. This theory would best be described as which of the following?

If expectations about a new co-worker influence judgments of that person's performance, which of the following has likely occurred?

Which of the following is most true about the idea of selective exposure?

Which of the following is described in the text as the ultimate in value-expressive function, possibly explaining why compromise can seem unthinkable between socio-cultural populations?

According to dissonance theory, if you believe that speeding is wrong, but you speed anyway after waking up late for work, which of the following might you do to reduce dissonance?

Which of the following best describes the role of balanced/imbalanced relationships in memory?

Section 1 : Introduction

Section 2: Introduction

Section 1 : Dual Modes in Social Cognition

Section 2: Dual Modes in Social Cognition

Section 1 : Attention and Encoding

Section 2: Attention and Encoding

Section 1 : Representation in Memory

Section 2: Representation in Memory

Section 1 : Self in Social Cognition

Section 2: Self in Social Cognition

Section 1 : Attribution Processes

Section 2: Attribution Processes

Section 1 : Heuristics and Shortcuts: Efficiency in Inference and Decision Making

Section 2: Heuristics and Shortcuts: Efficiency in Inference and Decision Making

Section 1 : Accuracy and Efficiency in Social Interference

Section 2: Accuracy and Efficiency in Social Interference

Section 2: Cognitive Structures of Attitudes

Section 1 : Cognitive Processing of Attitudes

Section 2: Cognitive Processing of Attitudes

Section 1 : Stereotyping: Cognition and Bias

Section 2: Stereotyping: Cognition and Bias

Section 1 : Prejudice: Interplay of Cognitive and Affective Biases

Section 2: Prejudice: Interplay of Cognitive and Affective Biases

Section 1 : From Social Cognition to Affect

Section 2: From Social Cognition to Affect

Section 1 : From Affect to Social Cognition

Section 2: From Affect to Social Cognition

Section 1 : Behaviour and Cognition

Section 2: Behaviour and Cognition

Filters

Consistency theories posit a strong basis toward consistency, while cognitive approaches are based on _ understandings.