Question 1

Bayes' theorem is based primarily on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Representativeness of particular exemplars 
B)  Statistical base rates 
C)  Salience of colorful examples 
D)  Anchoring and adjustment 
A)  Representativeness of particular exemplars 
B)  Statistical base rates 
C)  Salience of colorful examples 
D)  Anchoring and adjustment B

Question 2

Which of the following is an important influence on decision making, according to prospect theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reference point 
B)  Decision framing 
C)  Subjective value 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Reference point 
B)  Decision framing 
C)  Subjective value 
D)  All of the above D

Question 3

Which of the following best describes what is referred to as the "empathy gap"?

Accepted Answer

A)  People base their understanding of others' emotional states on what they know of their own; therefore, judgments about others can be biased and inaccurate 
B)  It is easier to understand and relate to the emotional reactions of ingroup members than outgroup members 
C)  People in a cognition-based state cannot easily imagine motivations and behaviors of those in an affect-based state 
D)  The degree to which people attribute their own behaviors to emotional states is greater than the degree to which they make similar attributions for others 
A)  People base their understanding of others' emotional states on what they know of their own; therefore, judgments about others can be biased and inaccurate 
B)  It is easier to understand and relate to the emotional reactions of ingroup members than outgroup members 
C)  People in a cognition-based state cannot easily imagine motivations and behaviors of those in an affect-based state 
D)  The degree to which people attribute their own behaviors to emotional states is greater than the degree to which they make similar attributions for others C

Question 4

If you are familiar with national statistics showing that 95% of students with your qualifications eventually end up with a tenured position, but you still feel like your own chances of tenure are slim, which of the following might best describe your decision processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Failure to adequately adjust from an initial anchor 
B)  Ignoring base-rate information 
C)  Conjunction fallacy 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Failure to adequately adjust from an initial anchor 
B)  Ignoring base-rate information 
C)  Conjunction fallacy 
D)  None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following best describes why objective information can be interpreted differently based on the way it is framed?

Accepted Answer

A)  The framing affects the degree to which individuals adjust from their initial interpretive anchor 
B)  Individuals interpret base-rates differently depending on the salience of the information being interpreted 
C)  The research on these framing effects is mixed - there is not strong evidence to support consistent differences 
D)  Researchers do not yet know what psychological mechanisms underlie framing effects 
A)  The framing affects the degree to which individuals adjust from their initial interpretive anchor 
B)  Individuals interpret base-rates differently depending on the salience of the information being interpreted 
C)  The research on these framing effects is mixed - there is not strong evidence to support consistent differences 
D)  Researchers do not yet know what psychological mechanisms underlie framing effects

Question 6

Imagine you see a person who is extraverted, personable, skilled at leading groups, excellent at public speaking, and good at raising money. You quickly judge this person to be a politician. Which of the following processes are you most likely to be using as a basis for your judgment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Availability heuristic 
B)  Base rate estimates 
C)  Representativeness heuristic 
D)  Simulation heuristic 
A)  Availability heuristic 
B)  Base rate estimates 
C)  Representativeness heuristic 
D)  Simulation heuristic

Question 7

According to temporal construal theory, which of the following would be most likely to be considered in abstract terms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothetical events 
B)  Events that are currently happening 
C)  Events in the recent past 
D)  Events in the distant future 
A)  Hypothetical events 
B)  Events that are currently happening 
C)  Events in the recent past 
D)  Events in the distant future

Question 8

Research to support this phenomenon includes that which shows 3–5 year olds to substitute the correct answer for their own and elderly people to forget their own answer and recall one closer to the actual answer.

Accepted Answer

A) 	Hindsight bias 
B) 	Twenty-twenty vision 
C) 	All of the above 
D) 	None of the above 
A) 	Hindsight bias 
B) 	Twenty-twenty vision 
C) 	All of the above 
D) 	None of the above

Question 9

If you are asked whether or not more Americans are buying hybrid cars this year than last year, and you respond "yes" because five of your closest friends recently purchased hybrid cars, which of the following heuristics are you utilizing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Availability 
B)  Representativeness 
C)  Simulation 
D)  Anchoring 
A)  Availability 
B)  Representativeness 
C)  Simulation 
D)  Anchoring

Question 10

When interviewing for a job, your potential employer asks what you would like your starting salary to be. You respond with a high number, and you eventually agree on a salary that is much higher than you anticipated. What heuristic did you hope that your employer would utilize?

Accepted Answer

A)  Representativeness 
B)  Anchoring and adjusting 
C)  Availability 
D)  Simulation 
A)  Representativeness 
B)  Anchoring and adjusting 
C)  Availability 
D)  Simulation

Question 11

You decide to take a beach getaway next weekend for some sunshine and relaxation. You're unsure of where to go, but you want the weather to be perfect. South Beach has had sunny weather for 8 of the past 10 days, and North Beach had sunshine for 17 of the past 28 days. Which location should you choose?

Accepted Answer

A)  South Beach 
B)  North Beach 
C)  Both beaches are equally good choices 
D)  Neither beach is a good choice 
A)  South Beach 
B)  North Beach 
C)  Both beaches are equally good choices 
D)  Neither beach is a good choice

Question 12

A person who typically tries to avoid negative outcomes is most likely to be motivated by which of the following message frames?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gain frame 
B)  Loss frame 
C)  Inhibitory frame 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Gain frame 
B)  Loss frame 
C)  Inhibitory frame 
D)  None of the above

Question 13

A student completing a psychology study answers every question, but goes through it as quickly as possible. Although the responses mostly make sense, the student clearly did not consider them carefully, and one or two seem problematic. This student would best be described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) 	Utility maximizer 
B) 	Satisficer 
C) 	Optimizer 
A) 	Utility maximizer 
B) 	Satisficer 
C) 	Optimizer

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for conjunction effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conjunction explanations provide more detailed information about goals, which tends to be seen as more informative 
B)  Conjunction explanations fit well-developed ideas that we have already constructed, making those ideas seem more likely 
C)  Conjunction explanations rule out alternative explanations for behavior 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Conjunction explanations provide more detailed information about goals, which tends to be seen as more informative 
B)  Conjunction explanations fit well-developed ideas that we have already constructed, making those ideas seem more likely 
C)  Conjunction explanations rule out alternative explanations for behavior 
D)  None of the above

Question 15

Which of the following best describes what is meant by counterfactual reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mental simulation of how events might have occurred differently 
B)  Assessments of the statistical probability of possible outcomes 
C)  Reasoning based on affective states and not logical deduction 
D)  Anticipating how one will feel after taking a particular action 
A)  Mental simulation of how events might have occurred differently 
B)  Assessments of the statistical probability of possible outcomes 
C)  Reasoning based on affective states and not logical deduction 
D)  Anticipating how one will feel after taking a particular action

Question 16

After receiving numerous resumes for an open position, a human resources manager evaluates resumes only until she has found a suitable candidate, even though she has not looked over all of the resumes submitted. Which of the following would best describe the manager?

Accepted Answer

A)  Optimizer 
B)  Satisficer 
C)  Risk seeker 
D)  Both B and C 
A)  Optimizer 
B)  Satisficer 
C)  Risk seeker 
D)  Both B and C

Question 17

If you were an Olympic sprinter, wanting to improve your performance in an upcoming race, which of the following mental techniques would be the best way to do so?

Accepted Answer

A)  Focusing on the other runners and imagining how competitive they will be 
B)  Focusing on yourself, emphasizing your very best athletic qualities 
C)  Imagining yourself training, working hard to build up your fitness and speed 
D)  Seeing yourself crossing the finish line first and being handed a big trophy 
A)  Focusing on the other runners and imagining how competitive they will be 
B)  Focusing on yourself, emphasizing your very best athletic qualities 
C)  Imagining yourself training, working hard to build up your fitness and speed 
D)  Seeing yourself crossing the finish line first and being handed a big trophy

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT addressed through the use of the simulation heuristic?

Accepted Answer

A)  Predicting whether or not your parents will approve of your new boyfriend 
B)  Questioning which of your roommates is to blame for the dishes in the sink 
C)  Narrowly missing your flight and regretting the fact that you stopped for a cup of coffee on the way to the airport 
D)  Deciding to buy several shares in a particular stock after reading about someone who got rich by investing in the same company 
A)  Predicting whether or not your parents will approve of your new boyfriend 
B)  Questioning which of your roommates is to blame for the dishes in the sink 
C)  Narrowly missing your flight and regretting the fact that you stopped for a cup of coffee on the way to the airport 
D)  Deciding to buy several shares in a particular stock after reading about someone who got rich by investing in the same company

Question 19

Imagine you are a very shy person. You meet someone new and judge that person to be extremely loud and extraverted. Your friend, who tends to be loud and boisterous, judges that same new person to be rather quiet and reserved. These judgments are likely an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correspondence bias 
B)  Anchoring and adjustment 
C)  Mental simulation 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Correspondence bias 
B)  Anchoring and adjustment 
C)  Mental simulation 
D)  None of the above

Question 20

Which of the following would best describes what is meant by "utility," according to the expected utility model?

Accepted Answer

A)  The value of an outcome and the likelihood of it happening 
B)  The amount of money to be gained by a behavior 
C)  The usefulness of a given behavioral pattern 
D)  The product of an individual's goals and expectations 
A)  The value of an outcome and the likelihood of it happening 
B)  The amount of money to be gained by a behavior 
C)  The usefulness of a given behavioral pattern 
D)  The product of an individual's goals and expectations

Exam 7: Section 1 : Heuristics and Shortcuts: Efficiency in Inference and Decision Making

Bayes' theorem is based primarily on which of the following?

Which of the following is an important influence on decision making, according to prospect theory?

Which of the following best describes what is referred to as the "empathy gap"?

If you are familiar with national statistics showing that 95% of students with your qualifications eventually end up with a tenured position, but you still feel like your own chances of tenure are slim, which of the following might best describe your decision processes?

Which of the following best describes why objective information can be interpreted differently based on the way it is framed?

Imagine you see a person who is extraverted, personable, skilled at leading groups, excellent at public speaking, and good at raising money. You quickly judge this person to be a politician. Which of the following processes are you most likely to be using as a basis for your judgment?

According to temporal construal theory, which of the following would be most likely to be considered in abstract terms?

Research to support this phenomenon includes that which shows 3–5 year olds to substitute the correct answer for their own and elderly people to forget their own answer and recall one closer to the actual answer.

If you are asked whether or not more Americans are buying hybrid cars this year than last year, and you respond "yes" because five of your closest friends recently purchased hybrid cars, which of the following heuristics are you utilizing?

When interviewing for a job, your potential employer asks what you would like your starting salary to be. You respond with a high number, and you eventually agree on a salary that is much higher than you anticipated. What heuristic did you hope that your employer would utilize?

A person who typically tries to avoid negative outcomes is most likely to be motivated by which of the following message frames?

A student completing a psychology study answers every question, but goes through it as quickly as possible. Although the responses mostly make sense, the student clearly did not consider them carefully, and one or two seem problematic. This student would best be described as which of the following?

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for conjunction effects?

Which of the following best describes what is meant by counterfactual reasoning?

After receiving numerous resumes for an open position, a human resources manager evaluates resumes only until she has found a suitable candidate, even though she has not looked over all of the resumes submitted. Which of the following would best describe the manager?

If you were an Olympic sprinter, wanting to improve your performance in an upcoming race, which of the following mental techniques would be the best way to do so?

Which of the following is NOT addressed through the use of the simulation heuristic?

Imagine you are a very shy person. You meet someone new and judge that person to be extremely loud and extraverted. Your friend, who tends to be loud and boisterous, judges that same new person to be rather quiet and reserved. These judgments are likely an example of which of the following?

Which of the following would best describes what is meant by "utility," according to the expected utility model?

Section 1 : Introduction

Section 2: Introduction

Section 1 : Dual Modes in Social Cognition

Section 2: Dual Modes in Social Cognition

Section 1 : Attention and Encoding

Section 2: Attention and Encoding

Section 1 : Representation in Memory

Section 2: Representation in Memory

Section 1 : Self in Social Cognition

Section 2: Self in Social Cognition

Section 1 : Attribution Processes

Section 2: Attribution Processes

Section 2: Heuristics and Shortcuts: Efficiency in Inference and Decision Making

Section 1 : Accuracy and Efficiency in Social Interference

Section 2: Accuracy and Efficiency in Social Interference

Section 1 : Cognitive Structures of Attitudes

Section 2: Cognitive Structures of Attitudes

Section 1 : Cognitive Processing of Attitudes

Section 2: Cognitive Processing of Attitudes

Section 1 : Stereotyping: Cognition and Bias

Section 2: Stereotyping: Cognition and Bias

Section 1 : Prejudice: Interplay of Cognitive and Affective Biases

Section 2: Prejudice: Interplay of Cognitive and Affective Biases

Section 1 : From Social Cognition to Affect

Section 2: From Social Cognition to Affect

Section 1 : From Affect to Social Cognition

Section 2: From Affect to Social Cognition

Section 1 : Behaviour and Cognition

Section 2: Behaviour and Cognition

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