Question 1

The study of biodiversity is called

Accepted Answer

A)  homology. 
B)  homoplasy. 
C)  systematics. 
D)  phylogeny. 
E)  synapomorphy. 
A)  homology. 
B)  homoplasy. 
C)  systematics. 
D)  phylogeny. 
E)  synapomorphy.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about monophyletic groups is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are clades. 
B)  They include all descendants of the common ancestor of the members of the group. 
C)  At least two "cuts" are required to remove a monophyletic group from a phylogenetic tree. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  They are clades. 
B)  They include all descendants of the common ancestor of the members of the group. 
C)  At least two "cuts" are required to remove a monophyletic group from a phylogenetic tree. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 3

Which of the following statements describes a purpose for which biologists use phylogenetic trees?

Accepted Answer

A)  For human diseases once found only in other animals, phylogenetic trees are helpful in determining when and where the infectious organisms first entered human populations. 
B)  Phylogenetic trees are useful for determining how many times a particular trait may have evolved independently within a lineage. 
C)  Phylogenetic trees can be used to reconstruct ancestral traits. 
D)  Phylogenetic trees can be used in conjunction with molecular clocks to estimate the timing of evolutionary events. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  For human diseases once found only in other animals, phylogenetic trees are helpful in determining when and where the infectious organisms first entered human populations. 
B)  Phylogenetic trees are useful for determining how many times a particular trait may have evolved independently within a lineage. 
C)  Phylogenetic trees can be used to reconstruct ancestral traits. 
D)  Phylogenetic trees can be used in conjunction with molecular clocks to estimate the timing of evolutionary events. 
E)  All of the above

Question 4

In the phylogenetic tree shown in Question 1, which species is considered the outgroup?

Accepted Answer

Species D. The outgr

Question 5

Which of the following groups have separate sets of rules for nomenclature?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals 
B)  Plants and fungi 
C)  Bacteria 
D)  Viruses 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Animals 
B)  Plants and fungi 
C)  Bacteria 
D)  Viruses 
E)  All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following lists of taxonomic categories ranks them properly (from most inclusive to least inclusive)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phylum, order, family, genus 
B)  Class, phylum, order, species 
C)  Order, class, family, genus 
D)  Family, order, class, kingdom 
E)  Kingdom, class, species, genus 
A)  Phylum, order, family, genus 
B)  Class, phylum, order, species 
C)  Order, class, family, genus 
D)  Family, order, class, kingdom 
E)  Kingdom, class, species, genus

Question 7

Which of the following is a limitation of the use of morphology in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some morphological variation has a genetic basis. 
B)  Few morphological traits can be directly compared across distant taxa. 
C)  Some taxa exhibit little morphological diversity. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Some morphological variation has a genetic basis. 
B)  Few morphological traits can be directly compared across distant taxa. 
C)  Some taxa exhibit little morphological diversity. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 8

The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by

Accepted Answer

A)  Motoo Kimura. 
B)  Emile Zuckerkandl. 
C)  Carolus Linneaus. 
D)  Charles Darwin. 
E)  Alfred Russell Wallace. 
A)  Motoo Kimura. 
B)  Emile Zuckerkandl. 
C)  Carolus Linneaus. 
D)  Charles Darwin. 
E)  Alfred Russell Wallace.

Question 9

Tetramorium hispidum and T. spinosum are two species of ants that are related more closely to each other than they are to any other species. Thus, they are known as _______ species.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tetramorium hispidum and T. spinosum are two...

Question 10

The ratites are a group of flightless birds comprising the ostrich, emu, cassowaries, rheas, and kiwis. All share certain morphological similarities (such as a breastbone without a keel) not found in other birds, but they live on different continents. In the past, some ornithologists regarded their similarities as homoplasies, but they are now thought to be synapomorphies. Based on this information, you would conclude that the ratites were once regarded as a _______ group but are now believed to be _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  polyphyletic; paraphyletic 
B)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
C)  polyphyletic; monophyletic 
D)  monophyletic; polyphyletic 
E)  monophyletic; paraphyletic 
A)  polyphyletic; paraphyletic 
B)  paraphyletic; monophyletic 
C)  polyphyletic; monophyletic 
D)  monophyletic; polyphyletic 
E)  monophyletic; paraphyletic

Question 11

Which of the following sources of molecular data would be most helpful for a study of the evolutionary relationships of closely related animal species?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chloroplast DNA 
B)  Mitochondrial DNA 
C)  The amino acid sequences of a protein found in all animals, such as cytochrome c 
D)  Ribosomal RNA sequences 
E)  Both b and d 
A)  Chloroplast DNA 
B)  Mitochondrial DNA 
C)  The amino acid sequences of a protein found in all animals, such as cytochrome c 
D)  Ribosomal RNA sequences 
E)  Both b and d

Question 12

Which of the following properties of HIV makes it difficult to trace the source of the virus from one person to the next?

Accepted Answer

A)  The transmission of the virus involves very few (often just one) viral particles. 
B)  HIV evolves very slowly within the host. 
C)  The host can have a genetically diverse population of viruses. 
D)  Molecular phylogenies of viruses cannot be constructed. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  The transmission of the virus involves very few (often just one) viral particles. 
B)  HIV evolves very slowly within the host. 
C)  The host can have a genetically diverse population of viruses. 
D)  Molecular phylogenies of viruses cannot be constructed. 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following statements about traits is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  A trait may be considered ancestral or derived, depending on the point of reference. 
B)  Homoplastic traits can arise by convergent evolution. 
C)  Derived traits differ from their ancestral forms. 
D)  Synapomorphies are shared ancestral traits. 
E)  Traits may be lost by evolutionary reversal. 
A)  A trait may be considered ancestral or derived, depending on the point of reference. 
B)  Homoplastic traits can arise by convergent evolution. 
C)  Derived traits differ from their ancestral forms. 
D)  Synapomorphies are shared ancestral traits. 
E)  Traits may be lost by evolutionary reversal.

Question 14

Which of the following are commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships among plants but not among animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nuclear genes 
B)  Chloroplast genes 
C)  Mitochondrial genes 
D)  Ribosomal RNA genes 
E)  Protein-coding genes 
A)  Nuclear genes 
B)  Chloroplast genes 
C)  Mitochondrial genes 
D)  Ribosomal RNA genes 
E)  Protein-coding genes

Question 15

The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary relationships of five species (A-E) relative to five traits (1-5). Based on this tree, fill in the table below it, using 1 to indicate the presence of a derived trait and 0 to indicate the presence of an ancestral trait.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary...

Question 16

Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea are each other's closest relatives. Therefore, they are considered _______ species.

Accepted Answer

A)  rooted 
B)  parapyletic 
C)  homologous 
D)  daughter 
E)  sister 
A)  rooted 
B)  parapyletic 
C)  homologous 
D)  daughter 
E)  sister

Question 17

Traits that are similar in different species for reasons other than a shared common ancestor are known as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Traits that are similar in different species...

Question 18

Discuss the application of the parsimony principle in the construction of phylogenetic trees.

Accepted Answer

In the construction of a phylogenetic tr

Question 19

Which of the following is not true of maximum likelihood or parsimony methods for inferring phylogeny?

Accepted Answer

A)  The maximum likelihood method requires an explicit model of evolutionary character change. 
B)  The parsimony method is computationally easier than the maximum likelihood method. 
C)  The maximum likelihood method is easier to treat in a statistical framework. 
D)  The maximum likelihood method is most often used with molecular data. 
E)  Parsimony is usually used to infer time on a phylogenetic tree. 
A)  The maximum likelihood method requires an explicit model of evolutionary character change. 
B)  The parsimony method is computationally easier than the maximum likelihood method. 
C)  The maximum likelihood method is easier to treat in a statistical framework. 
D)  The maximum likelihood method is most often used with molecular data. 
E)  Parsimony is usually used to infer time on a phylogenetic tree.

Question 20

Traits in two or more organisms that are similar, but not derived from a common ancestor, are called

Accepted Answer

A)  homoplastic traits. 
B)  homologous traits. 
C)  ancestral traits. 
D)  synapomorphies. 
E)  paraphyletic. 
A)  homoplastic traits. 
B)  homologous traits. 
C)  ancestral traits. 
D)  synapomorphies. 
E)  paraphyletic.

Exam 22: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

The study of biodiversity is called

Which of the following statements about monophyletic groups is true?

Which of the following statements describes a purpose for which biologists use phylogenetic trees?

In the phylogenetic tree shown in Question 1, which species is considered the outgroup?

Which of the following groups have separate sets of rules for nomenclature?

Which of the following lists of taxonomic categories ranks them properly (from most inclusive to least inclusive)?

Which of the following is a limitation of the use of morphology in phylogenetic analysis?

The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by

Tetramorium hispidum and T. spinosum are two species of ants that are related more closely to each other than they are to any other species. Thus, they are known as _______ species.

Which of the following sources of molecular data would be most helpful for a study of the evolutionary relationships of closely related animal species?

Which of the following properties of HIV makes it difficult to trace the source of the virus from one person to the next?

Which of the following statements about traits is false?

Which of the following are commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships among plants but not among animals?

The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary relationships of five species (A-E) relative to five traits (1-5). Based on this tree, fill in the table below it, using 1 to indicate the presence of a derived trait and 0 to indicate the presence of an ancestral trait.

Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea are each other's closest relatives. Therefore, they are considered _______ species.

Traits that are similar in different species for reasons other than a shared common ancestor are known as _______.

Discuss the application of the parsimony principle in the construction of phylogenetic trees.

Which of the following is not true of maximum likelihood or parsimony methods for inferring phylogeny?

Traits in two or more organisms that are similar, but not derived from a common ancestor, are called

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