Question 1

Information about which of the following types of behavior would be least useful in reconstructing phylogenies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inherited behavior 
B)  Locomotion behavior 
C)  Foraging behavior 
D)  Learned behavior 
E)  Mating behavior 
A)  Inherited behavior 
B)  Locomotion behavior 
C)  Foraging behavior 
D)  Learned behavior 
E)  Mating behavior

Question 2

A group that includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  paraphyletic. 
B)  polyphyletic. 
C)  synapomorphous. 
D)  monogamous. 
E)  monophyletic. 
A)  paraphyletic. 
B)  polyphyletic. 
C)  synapomorphous. 
D)  monogamous. 
E)  monophyletic.

Question 3

The hypothesis that the rate at which a particular molecule evolved among different species is consistent enough to serve as a guide to evolutionary divergence is known as the _______ hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The hypothesis that the rate at which...

Question 4

Phylogenetic trees may be constructed for

Accepted Answer

A)  genes. 
B)  species. 
C)  major evolutionary groups. 
D)  viruses. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  genes. 
B)  species. 
C)  major evolutionary groups. 
D)  viruses. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is formed when two branches diverge from one another in a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  A population 
B)  A lineage 
C)  A node 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  A population 
B)  A lineage 
C)  A node 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 6

Which of the following kinds of data would be the most useful for distinguishing ancestral traits from derived traits?

Accepted Answer

A)  Developmental data 
B)  Behavioral data 
C)  Paleontological data 
D)  Morphological data 
E)  Molecular data 
A)  Developmental data 
B)  Behavioral data 
C)  Paleontological data 
D)  Morphological data 
E)  Molecular data

Question 7

Molecular clocks

Accepted Answer

A)  would not keep the same time for all genes. 
B)  must be calibrated. 
C)  work best for a gene in closely related species. 
D)  assume that the rate of change of a gene is relatively constant. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  would not keep the same time for all genes. 
B)  must be calibrated. 
C)  work best for a gene in closely related species. 
D)  assume that the rate of change of a gene is relatively constant. 
E)  All of the above

Question 8

Humans and chimpanzees diverged about 6 million years ago. If 12 nucleotide substitutions have occurred between human and chimpanzee lineages in a sequence of mitochondrial DNA, and 36 have occurred between humans and gibbons, humans and gibbons, according to the molecular clock, separated _______ million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  6 
C)  12 
D)  18 
E)  36 
A)  2 
B)  6 
C)  12 
D)  18 
E)  36

Question 9

The phenomenon whereby traits may evolve independently in unrelated species because the species are subject to similar selection pressures is known as _______ evolution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The phenomenon whereby traits may evolve independently...

Question 10

According to the principle of parsimony, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the

Accepted Answer

A)  fewest homologies. 
B)  most homoplasies. 
C)  fewest homoplasies. 
D)  most clades. 
E)  fewest clades. 
A)  fewest homologies. 
B)  most homoplasies. 
C)  fewest homoplasies. 
D)  most clades. 
E)  fewest clades.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below of a phylogenetic tree.  
-Which of the following synapomorphies unites the salamander and the lizard?

Accepted Answer

A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Claws or nails 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Claws or nails 
E)  None of the above

Question 12

Which of the following findings led to the conclusion that sea squirts are more closely related to vertebrates than scientists had previously thought?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data from CT scans 
B)  The finding that larvae have notochords 
C)  The discovery of behavioral similarities in sea squirts and vertebrates 
D)  Newly discovered fossils in China 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Data from CT scans 
B)  The finding that larvae have notochords 
C)  The discovery of behavioral similarities in sea squirts and vertebrates 
D)  Newly discovered fossils in China 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the use of molecular clocks in phylogenetic analyses is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  A given gene usually evolves at the same rate in two different species regardless of differences in generation time of the species. 
B)  Because changes in DNA sequences occur very slowly, molecular clocks can be used only to date evolutionary divergences that occurred millions of years ago. 
C)  Molecular clocks must be calibrated with independent data, such as the fossil record. 
D)  Even in a group of closely related species, different genes have been found to evolve at different rates. 
E)  Both c and d 
A)  A given gene usually evolves at the same rate in two different species regardless of differences in generation time of the species. 
B)  Because changes in DNA sequences occur very slowly, molecular clocks can be used only to date evolutionary divergences that occurred millions of years ago. 
C)  Molecular clocks must be calibrated with independent data, such as the fossil record. 
D)  Even in a group of closely related species, different genes have been found to evolve at different rates. 
E)  Both c and d

Question 14

The following table shows the ancestral and derived traits of five species (A-E). Based on the table, and following conventions presented in the textbook, construct a phylogenetic tree that represents the evolutionary relationships of this group. In this table, the ancestral state of each trait is indicated by 0 and the derived state is indicated by 1.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following table shows the ancestral and...

Question 15

Which of the following statements about reconstructing phylogenies is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Traits found in the outgroup as well as in the ingroup are likely to be ancestral traits. 
B)  Shared traits are generally assumed to be homoplastic until they can be proven to be homologous. 
C)  Phylogenetic trees do not always provide an explicit time scale by which to date the splits between lineages. 
D)  In a phylogenetic tree, branches can be rotated around any node without changing the meaning of the tree. 
E)  A particular trait may be either ancestral or derived depending on the point of reference of the phylogeny. 
A)  Traits found in the outgroup as well as in the ingroup are likely to be ancestral traits. 
B)  Shared traits are generally assumed to be homoplastic until they can be proven to be homologous. 
C)  Phylogenetic trees do not always provide an explicit time scale by which to date the splits between lineages. 
D)  In a phylogenetic tree, branches can be rotated around any node without changing the meaning of the tree. 
E)  A particular trait may be either ancestral or derived depending on the point of reference of the phylogeny.

Question 16

Four different phylogenetic trees of a group of salamanders have been proposed. Trees A and B each require 12 homoplasies, but Tree A requires 14 synapomorphies and Tree B requires 13 synapomorphies. Tree C requires 15 homoplasies and 13 synapomorphies. Finally, Tree D requires 10 homoplasies and 15 synamorphies. According to the principle of parsimony, which tree or trees is the best?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tree A 
B)  Tree B 
C)  Tree C 
D)  Tree D 
E)  Both Tree A and Tree B 
A)  Tree A 
B)  Tree B 
C)  Tree C 
D)  Tree D 
E)  Both Tree A and Tree B

Question 17

Phylogenetic analysis of a section of the plant genus Linanthus

Accepted Answer

A)  was based on the sequences of mitochondrial DNA. 
B)  revealed that L. 'bicolor' is actually three distinct lineages. 
C)  showed that the group is synapomorphs. 
D)  showed that the group has a homoplastic trait. 
E)  revealed that an ancestral species of the group was likely to be self-compatible. 
A)  was based on the sequences of mitochondrial DNA. 
B)  revealed that L. 'bicolor' is actually three distinct lineages. 
C)  showed that the group is synapomorphs. 
D)  showed that the group has a homoplastic trait. 
E)  revealed that an ancestral species of the group was likely to be self-compatible.

Question 18

As compared with parsimony, a major advantage of maximum likelihood methods is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  are computationally easier. 
B)  can be used with molecular data. 
C)  incorporate more information about evolutionary change. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  are computationally easier. 
B)  can be used with molecular data. 
C)  incorporate more information about evolutionary change. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following types of groups can be removed by a single "cut" to a phylogenetic tree, without the removal of any other species outside the group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paraphyletic 
B)  Polyphyletic 
C)  Monophyletic 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Paraphyletic 
B)  Polyphyletic 
C)  Monophyletic 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 20

Biologists refer to descriptions of the evolutionary relationships among organisms as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Biologists refer to descriptions of the evolutionary...

Exam 22: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Information about which of the following types of behavior would be least useful in reconstructing phylogenies?

A group that includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is considered to be

The hypothesis that the rate at which a particular molecule evolved among different species is consistent enough to serve as a guide to evolutionary divergence is known as the _______ hypothesis.

Phylogenetic trees may be constructed for

Which of the following is formed when two branches diverge from one another in a phylogenetic tree?

Which of the following kinds of data would be the most useful for distinguishing ancestral traits from derived traits?

Molecular clocks

The phenomenon whereby traits may evolve independently in unrelated species because the species are subject to similar selection pressures is known as _______ evolution.

According to the principle of parsimony, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the diagram below of a phylogenetic tree. -Which of the following synapomorphies unites the salamander and the lizard?

Which of the following findings led to the conclusion that sea squirts are more closely related to vertebrates than scientists had previously thought?

Which of the following statements about the use of molecular clocks in phylogenetic analyses is true?

Which of the following statements about reconstructing phylogenies is false?

Phylogenetic analysis of a section of the plant genus Linanthus

As compared with parsimony, a major advantage of maximum likelihood methods is that they

Which of the following types of groups can be removed by a single "cut" to a phylogenetic tree, without the removal of any other species outside the group?

Biologists refer to descriptions of the evolutionary relationships among organisms as _______.

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Differential Gene Expression in Development

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Distribution of Life

Population Ecology

Species Interaction and Coevolution

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Conservation Biology

Filters