Question 1

Homeotic mutations

Accepted Answer

A)  are often severe and result in structures at inappropriate places. 
B)  cause subtle changes in the forms of larvae or adults. 
C)  occur only in prokaryotes. 
D)  do not affect the animal's DNA. 
E)  are confined to the zone of polarizing activity. 
A)  are often severe and result in structures at inappropriate places. 
B)  cause subtle changes in the forms of larvae or adults. 
C)  occur only in prokaryotes. 
D)  do not affect the animal's DNA. 
E)  are confined to the zone of polarizing activity.

Question 2

In normal development of Arabidopsis, stamens develop from

Accepted Answer

A)  whorl 1. 
B)  whorl 2. 
C)  whorl 3. 
D)  whorl 4. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  whorl 1. 
B)  whorl 2. 
C)  whorl 3. 
D)  whorl 4. 
E)  None of the above

Question 3

If the anchor cell is destroyed in Caenorhabditis elegans,

Accepted Answer

A)  no vulva will form. 
B)  no anchorettes will form. 
C)  secondary vulval precursors will become primary vulval cells. 
D)  another cell will differentiate into an anchor cell. 
E)  signals from the nematode's surface will direct readjustments. 
A)  no vulva will form. 
B)  no anchorettes will form. 
C)  secondary vulval precursors will become primary vulval cells. 
D)  another cell will differentiate into an anchor cell. 
E)  signals from the nematode's surface will direct readjustments.

Question 4

Suppose you were in a laboratory engaged in genetically modifying a plant to increase the size of its fruit (its carpels). Assuming that MADS box genes play the same floral organ-identity roles in this plant that they do in Arabidopsis, _______ the domain of expression of gene _______ would most likely yield an increase in fruit size.

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing; A 
B)  decreasing; A 
C)  increasing; B 
D)  decreasing; B 
E)  decreasing; C 
A)  increasing; A 
B)  decreasing; A 
C)  increasing; B 
D)  decreasing; B 
E)  decreasing; C

Question 5

In humans, the cells of the _______ have the highest concentration of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  thumb; MADS 
B)  little finger; MADS 
C)  thumb; Shh 
D)  little finger; Shh 
E)  thumb; Nanos 
A)  thumb; MADS 
B)  little finger; MADS 
C)  thumb; Shh 
D)  little finger; Shh 
E)  thumb; Nanos

Question 6

The "top" (or "north") pole of a developing embryo is often referred to as the _______ pole; the "bottom" (or "south") pole is the _______ pole.

Accepted Answer

A)  dorsal; animal 
B)  dorsal; vegetal 
C)  animal; dorsal 
D)  animal; ventral 
E)  animal; vegetal 
A)  dorsal; animal 
B)  dorsal; vegetal 
C)  animal; dorsal 
D)  animal; ventral 
E)  animal; vegetal

Question 7

In the process of _______ a factor produced and secreted by one cell or group of cells affects the differentiation of other cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the process of _______ a factor...

Question 8

Apoptosis

Accepted Answer

A)  is programmed cell death. 
B)  is an important process in neuronal development in nematodes. 
C)  is an important process in neuronal development in humans. 
D)  occurs by similar mechanisms in both nematodes and humans. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  is programmed cell death. 
B)  is an important process in neuronal development in nematodes. 
C)  is an important process in neuronal development in humans. 
D)  occurs by similar mechanisms in both nematodes and humans. 
E)  All of the above

Question 9

Mammals can be cloned using donor somatic cells fused to enucleated eggs if the

Accepted Answer

A)  donor cell is in the S phase of the cell cycle. 
B)  donor cell is in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. 
C)  mammalian embryo can be propagated in culture. 
D)  donor cell is a mature red blood cell. 
E)  donor cell and enucleated egg are derived strictly from individuals of the same species. 
A)  donor cell is in the S phase of the cell cycle. 
B)  donor cell is in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. 
C)  mammalian embryo can be propagated in culture. 
D)  donor cell is a mature red blood cell. 
E)  donor cell and enucleated egg are derived strictly from individuals of the same species.

Question 10

Adult stem cells can be best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  homeotic. 
B)  totipotent. 
C)  pluripotent. 
D)  multipotent. 
E)  morphogenic. 
A)  homeotic. 
B)  totipotent. 
C)  pluripotent. 
D)  multipotent. 
E)  morphogenic.

Question 11

In a hypothetical developmental biology experiment, the researchers place a barrier between the alpha ludens (a made-up structure) and tissues that are supposed to develop into the beta ludens. If the beta ludens _______, then signals from the alpha ludens are acting as _______ of the beta ludens.

Accepted Answer

A)  develops; inducers 
B)  does not develop; inducers 
C)  develops; transcription factors 
D)  does not develop; transcription factors 
E)  develops; morphogens 
A)  develops; inducers 
B)  does not develop; inducers 
C)  develops; transcription factors 
D)  does not develop; transcription factors 
E)  develops; morphogens

Question 12

The genes that determine the fate of cells in the _______ of a flowering plant's shoot apex are called "_______." These genes code for _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  meristem; organ identity genes; transcription factors 
B)  whorl; homeotic genes; transcription factors 
C)  meristem; homeotic genes; MADS box proteins 
D)  whorl; organ identity genes; MADS box proteins 
E)  meristem; organ identity genes; LEAFY protein 
A)  meristem; organ identity genes; transcription factors 
B)  whorl; homeotic genes; transcription factors 
C)  meristem; homeotic genes; MADS box proteins 
D)  whorl; organ identity genes; MADS box proteins 
E)  meristem; organ identity genes; LEAFY protein

Question 13

Organ identity genes are found in

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria. 
B)  animals. 
C)  plants. 
D)  fungi. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  bacteria. 
B)  animals. 
C)  plants. 
D)  fungi. 
E)  None of the above

Question 14

The genes bicoid and nanos are examples of _______ genes; the concentrations of their mRNAs help establish their initial cytoplasmic gradients in the developing Drosophila embryo.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The genes bicoid and nanos are examples...

Question 15

If an eight-cell sea urchin embryo is bisected horizontally,

Accepted Answer

A)  both halves develop into normal, but small, larvae. 
B)  the top cells remain embryonic, while the bottom cells produce an abnormal larva. 
C)  the top cells remain embryonic, while the bottom cells produce a small, but normal, larva. 
D)  the bottom cells remain embryonic, while the top cells produce an abnormal larva. 
E)  the bottom cells remain embryonic, while the top cells produce a small, but normal, larva. 
A)  both halves develop into normal, but small, larvae. 
B)  the top cells remain embryonic, while the bottom cells produce an abnormal larva. 
C)  the top cells remain embryonic, while the bottom cells produce a small, but normal, larva. 
D)  the bottom cells remain embryonic, while the top cells produce an abnormal larva. 
E)  the bottom cells remain embryonic, while the top cells produce a small, but normal, larva.

Question 16

Which of the following properties is required for an organism to undergo development?

Accepted Answer

A)  It must be diploid during some part of its life cycle. 
B)  It must be multicellular during some part of its life cycle. 
C)  The embryo must be contained within a protective structure during some part of its life cycle. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above 
A)  It must be diploid during some part of its life cycle. 
B)  It must be multicellular during some part of its life cycle. 
C)  The embryo must be contained within a protective structure during some part of its life cycle. 
D)  All of the above 
E)  None of the above

Question 17

Stem cells from adult animals

Accepted Answer

A)  are always totipotent. 
B)  divide when provided with external signals. 
C)  are not present in bone marrow. 
D)  are present in an embryo but not an adult. 
E)  can be turned into differentiated cells with only a few genes. 
A)  are always totipotent. 
B)  divide when provided with external signals. 
C)  are not present in bone marrow. 
D)  are present in an embryo but not an adult. 
E)  can be turned into differentiated cells with only a few genes.

Question 18

The process of cytoplasmic segregation would be a partial answer to which of the following questions?

Accepted Answer

A)  How can one reset a differentiated cell such that it can produce many different cell types? 
B)  How can so many different cell types come from the egg, a single cell? 
C)  What roles do transcription factors play in controlling cell differentiation? 
D)  What new technique was used by Yamanaka and his colleagues to obtain induced pluripotent stem cells? 
E)  What new technique was used in the cloning of Dolly the sheep? 
A)  How can one reset a differentiated cell such that it can produce many different cell types? 
B)  How can so many different cell types come from the egg, a single cell? 
C)  What roles do transcription factors play in controlling cell differentiation? 
D)  What new technique was used by Yamanaka and his colleagues to obtain induced pluripotent stem cells? 
E)  What new technique was used in the cloning of Dolly the sheep?

Question 19

Consider the MyoD signaling pathway. If the gene p21 is overactive, the expression of _______ will likely _______ and cells will be more likely to differentiate early.

Accepted Answer

cyclin-dep

Question 20

Which of the following statements about stem cells is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Embryonic stem cells can be harvested from human embryos produced during in vitro fertilization. 
B)  The only known pluripotent animal stem cells are derived from embryos. 
C)  The manner in which embryonic stem cells differentiate can be channeled by the appropriate signals. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  Embryonic stem cells can be harvested from human embryos produced during in vitro fertilization. 
B)  The only known pluripotent animal stem cells are derived from embryos. 
C)  The manner in which embryonic stem cells differentiate can be channeled by the appropriate signals. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both a and c

Exam 19: Differential Gene Expression in Development

Homeotic mutations

In normal development of Arabidopsis, stamens develop from

If the anchor cell is destroyed in Caenorhabditis elegans,

In humans, the cells of the _______ have the highest concentration of _______.

The "top" (or "north") pole of a developing embryo is often referred to as the _______ pole; the "bottom" (or "south") pole is the _______ pole.

In the process of _______ a factor produced and secreted by one cell or group of cells affects the differentiation of other cells.

Apoptosis

Mammals can be cloned using donor somatic cells fused to enucleated eggs if the

Adult stem cells can be best described as

In a hypothetical developmental biology experiment, the researchers place a barrier between the alpha ludens (a made-up structure) and tissues that are supposed to develop into the beta ludens. If the beta ludens _______, then signals from the alpha ludens are acting as _______ of the beta ludens.

The genes that determine the fate of cells in the _______ of a flowering plant's shoot apex are called "_______." These genes code for _______.

Organ identity genes are found in

The genes bicoid and nanos are examples of _______ genes; the concentrations of their mRNAs help establish their initial cytoplasmic gradients in the developing Drosophila embryo.

If an eight-cell sea urchin embryo is bisected horizontally,

Which of the following properties is required for an organism to undergo development?

Stem cells from adult animals

The process of cytoplasmic segregation would be a partial answer to which of the following questions?

Consider the MyoD signaling pathway. If the gene p21 is overactive, the expression of _______ will likely _______ and cells will be more likely to differentiate early.

Which of the following statements about stem cells is true?

Studying Life

Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes

Cell Signaling and Communication

Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Energy From Sunlight

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

Dna and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Gene Mutation and Molecular Medicine

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Recombinent Dna and Biotechnology

Development and Evolutionary Change

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Species and Their Formation

Evolution of Genes and Genomes

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria and Archaea: the Prokaryotic Domains

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Plants Without Seeds: From Water to Land

The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Regulation of Plant Growth

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Environmental Challenges

Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Animal Hormones

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons and Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Function

Musculoskeletal Systems

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulatory Systems

Nutrition, Digestion, and Absorption

Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Animal Behavior

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Filters

In humans, the cells of the _ have the highest concentration of _.

The "top" (or "north") pole of a developing embryo is often referred to as the _ pole; the "bottom" (or "south") pole is the _ pole.

In a hypothetical developmental biology experiment, the researchers place a barrier between the alpha ludens (a made-up structure) and tissues that are supposed to develop into the beta ludens. If the beta ludens _, then signals from the alpha ludens are acting as _ of the beta ludens.

The genes that determine the fate of cells in the ___ of a flowering plant's shoot apex are called "_." These genes code for _____.

Consider the MyoD signaling pathway. If the gene p21 is overactive, the expression of _ will likely _ and cells will be more likely to differentiate early.