Question 1

Who discovered that Antennapedia and bithorax mutations are the result of changes in Hox genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stephen Jay Gould 
B)  David Hofmans 
C)  Hans Driech 
D)  Ian Wilmut 
E)  Edward Lewis 
A)  Stephen Jay Gould 
B)  David Hofmans 
C)  Hans Driech 
D)  Ian Wilmut 
E)  Edward Lewis

Question 2

During the 1950s, Robert Briggs and Thomas King performed pioneering studies of development using nuclear transfer of frog embryos. Which of the following was not one of the conclusions that could be drawn from their studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  The nuclei of early frog embryos retain the genetic potential for totipotency. 
B)  The cytoplasmic environment around a nucleus can modify its fate. 
C)  Information is lost from the nuclei of cells during the early stages of development. 
D)  There is a principle of genomic equivalence. 
E)  All of the above were conclusions of the studies. 
A)  The nuclei of early frog embryos retain the genetic potential for totipotency. 
B)  The cytoplasmic environment around a nucleus can modify its fate. 
C)  Information is lost from the nuclei of cells during the early stages of development. 
D)  There is a principle of genomic equivalence. 
E)  All of the above were conclusions of the studies.

Question 3

The fate of a cell

Accepted Answer

A)  refers to the cell's original type. 
B)  describes its genes. 
C)  refers to the type of cell into which it will differentiate. 
D)  describes its death. 
E)  cannot by modified by its cytoplasmic environment. 
A)  refers to the cell's original type. 
B)  describes its genes. 
C)  refers to the type of cell into which it will differentiate. 
D)  describes its death. 
E)  cannot by modified by its cytoplasmic environment.

Question 4

In the normal course of development in Arabidopsis, a particular group of cells should develop into carpel tissue. If MADS box B gene were improperly expressed in those cells, they would develop into _______ tissue.

Accepted Answer

A)  carpel 
B)  petal 
C)  stamen 
D)  sepal 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  carpel 
B)  petal 
C)  stamen 
D)  sepal 
E)  Both b and c

Question 5

In the vertebrate embryo,

Accepted Answer

A)  cell division and differentiation may be mutually exclusive. 
B)  arrest of the cell cycle blocks differentiation. 
C)  transcription factors result in differential gene expression. 
D)  rapid growth favors differentiation. 
E)  Both a and c 
A)  cell division and differentiation may be mutually exclusive. 
B)  arrest of the cell cycle blocks differentiation. 
C)  transcription factors result in differential gene expression. 
D)  rapid growth favors differentiation. 
E)  Both a and c

Question 6

Which of the following statements about stem cell treatments is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Until about 1990, no stem cell treatments were available for humans. 
B)  Stem cells can be gathered from adipose (fatty) tissue. 
C)  Stem cells are always in the process of actively dividing. 
D)  Connective tissue often arises from mesenchymal stem cells. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false. 
A)  Until about 1990, no stem cell treatments were available for humans. 
B)  Stem cells can be gathered from adipose (fatty) tissue. 
C)  Stem cells are always in the process of actively dividing. 
D)  Connective tissue often arises from mesenchymal stem cells. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 7

In different concentrations, developmental signals called _______ provide different positional information.

Accepted Answer

A)  MADS box genes 
B)  transcription factors 
C)  morphogens 
D)  segment polarity factors 
E)  pair rule factors 
A)  MADS box genes 
B)  transcription factors 
C)  morphogens 
D)  segment polarity factors 
E)  pair rule factors

Question 8

How would you define "model organism"? What traits do you think characterize model organisms?

Accepted Answer

Model organisms are research organisms t

Question 9

Which of the following is the last set of genes to turn on in the Drosophila embryo?

Accepted Answer

A)  Segment polarity genes 
B)  Homeotic genes 
C)  Maternal effect genes 
D)  Gap genes 
E)  Pair rule genes 
A)  Segment polarity genes 
B)  Homeotic genes 
C)  Maternal effect genes 
D)  Gap genes 
E)  Pair rule genes

Question 10

A word derived from the Greek for "origin of form," _______, refers to the process by which differentiated cells are shaped into the multicellular body and all its organs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A word derived from the Greek for...

Question 11

In fruit flies, the following genes are used to determine segment polarity: (k) gap genes; (l) Hox genes; (m) maternal effect genes; (n) pair rule genes. In what order are these genes expressed during development?

Accepted Answer

A)  k, l, m, n 
B)  l, k, n, m 
C)  m, k, n, l 
D)  n, k, m, l 
E)  n, m, k, l 
A)  k, l, m, n 
B)  l, k, n, m 
C)  m, k, n, l 
D)  n, k, m, l 
E)  n, m, k, l

Question 12

Different results are achieved when an eight-cell sea urchin embryo is bisected horizontally as opposed to when it is bisected vertically. This observation supports which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cellular determinants are equally distributed in the embryo. 
B)  Differentiation has occurred by the eight-cell stage. 
C)  Inducers have determined cell fate. 
D)  Polarity exists in the embryo by the eight-cell stage. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Cellular determinants are equally distributed in the embryo. 
B)  Differentiation has occurred by the eight-cell stage. 
C)  Inducers have determined cell fate. 
D)  Polarity exists in the embryo by the eight-cell stage. 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

Cloning experiments on sheep, frogs, and mice have shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  nuclei of adult cells are totipotent. 
B)  nuclei of embryonic cells can be totipotent. 
C)  nuclei of differentiated cells have different genes than zygote nuclei have. 
D)  differentiation is fully reversible in all cells of a frog. 
E)  differentiation involves permanent changes in the genome. 
A)  nuclei of adult cells are totipotent. 
B)  nuclei of embryonic cells can be totipotent. 
C)  nuclei of differentiated cells have different genes than zygote nuclei have. 
D)  differentiation is fully reversible in all cells of a frog. 
E)  differentiation involves permanent changes in the genome.

Question 14

An increase in the concentration of MyoD would most likely lead to a(n) _______ of p21 expression, which would _______ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; decrease 
C)  decrease; increase 
D)  decrease; have no effect on 
E)  decrease; decrease 
A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; decrease 
C)  decrease; increase 
D)  decrease; have no effect on 
E)  decrease; decrease

Question 15

Mutations in genes of the _______ gene class often result in the omission of several contiguous larval segments in flies.

Accepted Answer

A)  maternal effect 
B)  gap 
C)  pair rule 
D)  segment polarity 
E)  Hox 
A)  maternal effect 
B)  gap 
C)  pair rule 
D)  segment polarity 
E)  Hox

Question 16

The process by which signaling molecules from one tissue (or group of cells) affect the development of adjacent tissue is called

Accepted Answer

A)  determination. 
B)  morphogenesis. 
C)  placode. 
D)  differentiation. 
E)  induction. 
A)  determination. 
B)  morphogenesis. 
C)  placode. 
D)  differentiation. 
E)  induction.

Question 17

Use the following to answer questions:
The diagram below shows different patterns of expression in a Drosophila embryo.  
-A developmental gene shows the pattern of expression in a Drosophila embryo as shown by part A in the diagram above. Based on this information, this gene most likely belongs to the _______ class of genes.

Accepted Answer

A)  gap 
B)  Hox 
C)  segment polarity 
D)  MADS box 
E)  pair rule 
A)  gap 
B)  Hox 
C)  segment polarity 
D)  MADS box 
E)  pair rule

Question 18

Induction occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  nuclear genes are lost in some tissues. 
B)  one cell contacts another and fails to alter its developmental fate. 
C)  a cell or tissue sends a chemical signal to another, causing differentiation of that cell or tissue. 
D)  two tissues come into contact with one another, releasing transcription factors. 
E)  factors are unequally distributed in the cytoplasm of an egg. 
A)  nuclear genes are lost in some tissues. 
B)  one cell contacts another and fails to alter its developmental fate. 
C)  a cell or tissue sends a chemical signal to another, causing differentiation of that cell or tissue. 
D)  two tissues come into contact with one another, releasing transcription factors. 
E)  factors are unequally distributed in the cytoplasm of an egg.

Question 19

The experiments of Briggs and King showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  mature frog cells are totipotent. 
B)  the cytoplasm can alter the fate of nuclei from embryonic cells. 
C)  genetic information is lost from cells during determination. 
D)  nuclei cannot be used to clone animals. 
E)  animals have greater developmental plasticity than plants. 
A)  mature frog cells are totipotent. 
B)  the cytoplasm can alter the fate of nuclei from embryonic cells. 
C)  genetic information is lost from cells during determination. 
D)  nuclei cannot be used to clone animals. 
E)  animals have greater developmental plasticity than plants.

Question 20

In cloning whole organisms by fusing nuclei (as seen in frogs) or whole cells (as seen in sheep, cows, and goats) with enucleated eggs, why is the original nucleus removed from the egg?

Accepted Answer

The nucleus of the egg contains a haploi

Exam 19: Differential Gene Expression in Development

Who discovered that Antennapedia and bithorax mutations are the result of changes in Hox genes?

During the 1950s, Robert Briggs and Thomas King performed pioneering studies of development using nuclear transfer of frog embryos. Which of the following was not one of the conclusions that could be drawn from their studies?

The fate of a cell

In the normal course of development in Arabidopsis, a particular group of cells should develop into carpel tissue. If MADS box B gene were improperly expressed in those cells, they would develop into _______ tissue.

In the vertebrate embryo,

Which of the following statements about stem cell treatments is false?

In different concentrations, developmental signals called _______ provide different positional information.

How would you define "model organism"? What traits do you think characterize model organisms?

Which of the following is the last set of genes to turn on in the Drosophila embryo?

A word derived from the Greek for "origin of form," _______, refers to the process by which differentiated cells are shaped into the multicellular body and all its organs.

In fruit flies, the following genes are used to determine segment polarity: (k) gap genes; (l) Hox genes; (m) maternal effect genes; (n) pair rule genes. In what order are these genes expressed during development?

Different results are achieved when an eight-cell sea urchin embryo is bisected horizontally as opposed to when it is bisected vertically. This observation supports which of the following statements?

Cloning experiments on sheep, frogs, and mice have shown that

An increase in the concentration of MyoD would most likely lead to a(n) _______ of p21 expression, which would _______ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

Mutations in genes of the _______ gene class often result in the omission of several contiguous larval segments in flies.

The process by which signaling molecules from one tissue (or group of cells) affect the development of adjacent tissue is called

Induction occurs when

The experiments of Briggs and King showed that

In cloning whole organisms by fusing nuclei (as seen in frogs) or whole cells (as seen in sheep, cows, and goats) with enucleated eggs, why is the original nucleus removed from the egg?

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An increase in the concentration of MyoD would most likely lead to a(n) _ of p21 expression, which would _ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.