Question 1

Closely linked to morphogenesis, _______ is the process that results in the spatial organization of a tissue or organism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Closely linked to morphogenesis, _______ is the...

Question 2

Which of the following would most likely lead to the development of two heads in a Drosophila embryo, one at each end?

Accepted Answer

A)  Injecting Nanos protein into the posterior region of the egg 
B)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the anterior region of the egg 
C)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the posterior region of the egg 
D)  Injecting the posterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the anterior region of another wild-type egg. 
E)  injecting the anterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the posterior region of another wild-type egg. 
A)  Injecting Nanos protein into the posterior region of the egg 
B)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the anterior region of the egg 
C)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the posterior region of the egg 
D)  Injecting the posterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the anterior region of another wild-type egg. 
E)  injecting the anterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the posterior region of another wild-type egg.

Question 3

Mammalian adult stem cells are usually capable of dividing into a few cell types; they are therefore said to be _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammalian adult stem cells are usually capable...

Question 4

The genes that divide the developing Drosophila embryo into units of two segments each are called _______ genes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The genes that divide the developing Drosophila...

Question 5

What principle of development states that the nuclei of cells do not lose any genetic information during the early stages of development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genomic equivalence 
B)  Apoptosis 
C)  Totipotentcy 
D)  Transcription 
E)  Fate mapping 
A)  Genomic equivalence 
B)  Apoptosis 
C)  Totipotentcy 
D)  Transcription 
E)  Fate mapping

Question 6

Yolk molecules tend to accumulate in the vegetal half in the fertilized eggs of most animals, and the presence of yolk can slow down cell division. Based on this observation, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Assuming that there has been no movement, cells in the vegetal half of the embryo should be larger than those in the animal half. 
B)  Assuming that there has been no movement, cells in the vegetal half of the embryo should be smaller than those in the animal half. 
C)  Polarity exists in the fertilized egg. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c 
A)  Assuming that there has been no movement, cells in the vegetal half of the embryo should be larger than those in the animal half. 
B)  Assuming that there has been no movement, cells in the vegetal half of the embryo should be smaller than those in the animal half. 
C)  Polarity exists in the fertilized egg. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c

Question 7

The difference between the top and the bottom in a developing organism is called

Accepted Answer

A)  pluripotency. 
B)  determination. 
C)  pattern formation. 
D)  polarity. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  pluripotency. 
B)  determination. 
C)  pattern formation. 
D)  polarity. 
E)  None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is a Drosophila maternal effect gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hunchback 
B)  Bicoid 
C)  Antennapedia 
D)  Bithorax 
E)  Shh 
A)  Hunchback 
B)  Bicoid 
C)  Antennapedia 
D)  Bithorax 
E)  Shh

Question 9

Location of a cell may be critical in the determination of its ultimate fate during development, as in the development of vertebrate limbs. This fact arises from

Accepted Answer

A)  the unequal distribution of transcription factors. 
B)  expression of organ identity genes. 
C)  a gradient in the concentration of the morphogen, sonic hedgehog. 
D)  a gradient in the concentration of ZPA. 
E)  expression of homeotic genes. 
A)  the unequal distribution of transcription factors. 
B)  expression of organ identity genes. 
C)  a gradient in the concentration of the morphogen, sonic hedgehog. 
D)  a gradient in the concentration of ZPA. 
E)  expression of homeotic genes.

Question 10

In normal development of Arabidopsis, whorl 1 produces

Accepted Answer

A)  carpels. 
B)  petals. 
C)  stamens. 
D)  sepals. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  carpels. 
B)  petals. 
C)  stamens. 
D)  sepals. 
E)  None of the above

Question 11

Although plants may be cloned from _______ somatic cells, animals have so far been cloned using either _______ cells or by _______ with _______ eggs.

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiated; nuclear transfer; cell fusion; nucleated 
B)  determined; nuclear transfer; cell fusion; enucleated 
C)  differentiated; nuclear transfer; cell fusion; enucleated 
D)  embryonic; transformation; nuclear transfer; nucleated 
E)  differentiated; transformation; cell fusion; enucleated 
A)  differentiated; nuclear transfer; cell fusion; nucleated 
B)  determined; nuclear transfer; cell fusion; enucleated 
C)  differentiated; nuclear transfer; cell fusion; enucleated 
D)  embryonic; transformation; nuclear transfer; nucleated 
E)  differentiated; transformation; cell fusion; enucleated

Question 12

The fate of a cell during development is

Accepted Answer

A)  entirely controlled by nuclear gene expression. 
B)  influenced by cytoplasmic determinants. 
C)  independent of gene expression. 
D)  not altered by reagents that interfere with microtubule formation. 
E)  determined solely by inducers. 
A)  entirely controlled by nuclear gene expression. 
B)  influenced by cytoplasmic determinants. 
C)  independent of gene expression. 
D)  not altered by reagents that interfere with microtubule formation. 
E)  determined solely by inducers.

Question 13

Suppose in the case of the MADS box gene model of floral organ development, gene class B is expressed in all whorls. Using the diagram below, fill in which genes should be expressed in each of the four whorls, and which structures they will develop into.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose in the case of the MADS...

Question 14

For which of the following classes of developmental genes is the phenotype of the developing individual not determined by the individual's genotype?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gap genes 
B)  Pair rule genes 
C)  Maternal effect genes 
D)  Hox genes 
E)  MADS box genes 
A)  Gap genes 
B)  Pair rule genes 
C)  Maternal effect genes 
D)  Hox genes 
E)  MADS box genes

Question 15

Maternal effect genes

Accepted Answer

A)  begin setting up positional axes in the egg prior to fertilization. 
B)  are the same as segmentation genes. 
C)  are masked by paternal genes. 
D)  operate late in the gene cascade regulating development of Drosophila embryos. 
E)  determine cell fate within each segment. 
A)  begin setting up positional axes in the egg prior to fertilization. 
B)  are the same as segmentation genes. 
C)  are masked by paternal genes. 
D)  operate late in the gene cascade regulating development of Drosophila embryos. 
E)  determine cell fate within each segment.

Question 16

A differentiated cell of a mature plant

Accepted Answer

A)  has the genetic capacity for totipotency. 
B)  generally dedifferentiates during its lifetime. 
C)  can be induced to dedifferentiate. 
D)  can form a new plant. 
E)  a, c and d 
A)  has the genetic capacity for totipotency. 
B)  generally dedifferentiates during its lifetime. 
C)  can be induced to dedifferentiate. 
D)  can form a new plant. 
E)  a, c and d

Question 17

A fundamental principle of developmental biology, the principle of _______, states that no information is lost from the nuclei of cells during the early stages of development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A fundamental principle of developmental biology, the...

Question 18

In the process of pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo,

Accepted Answer

A)  the first steps are specified by Hox genes. 
B)  mutations in pair rule genes result in embryos missing every other segment. 
C)  mutations in gap genes result in the insertion of extra segments. 
D)  segment polarity genes determine the dorsal-ventral axes of segments. 
E)  all segments develop the same organs. 
A)  the first steps are specified by Hox genes. 
B)  mutations in pair rule genes result in embryos missing every other segment. 
C)  mutations in gap genes result in the insertion of extra segments. 
D)  segment polarity genes determine the dorsal-ventral axes of segments. 
E)  all segments develop the same organs.

Question 19

Working with carrot root cells, Fredrick Stewart showed that these cells had the potential to form any type of carrot cell. Before he could produce an embryo, Stewart had to coax the root cells to _______ with the treatment of appropriate nutrient media.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Working with carrot root cells, Fredrick Stewart...

Question 20

Which of the following cells differentiates into the primary vulval precursor cell in C. elegans development?

Accepted Answer

A)  The anchor cell 
B)  The cell closest to the anchor cell 
C)  The lens placode cell 
D)  The caspase cell 
E)  The ced-4 cell 
A)  The anchor cell 
B)  The cell closest to the anchor cell 
C)  The lens placode cell 
D)  The caspase cell 
E)  The ced-4 cell

Exam 19: Differential Gene Expression in Development

Closely linked to morphogenesis, _______ is the process that results in the spatial organization of a tissue or organism.

Which of the following would most likely lead to the development of two heads in a Drosophila embryo, one at each end?

Mammalian adult stem cells are usually capable of dividing into a few cell types; they are therefore said to be _______.

The genes that divide the developing Drosophila embryo into units of two segments each are called _______ genes.

What principle of development states that the nuclei of cells do not lose any genetic information during the early stages of development?

Yolk molecules tend to accumulate in the vegetal half in the fertilized eggs of most animals, and the presence of yolk can slow down cell division. Based on this observation, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

The difference between the top and the bottom in a developing organism is called

Which of the following is a Drosophila maternal effect gene?

Location of a cell may be critical in the determination of its ultimate fate during development, as in the development of vertebrate limbs. This fact arises from

In normal development of Arabidopsis, whorl 1 produces

Although plants may be cloned from _______ somatic cells, animals have so far been cloned using either _______ cells or by _______ with _______ eggs.

The fate of a cell during development is

Suppose in the case of the MADS box gene model of floral organ development, gene class B is expressed in all whorls. Using the diagram below, fill in which genes should be expressed in each of the four whorls, and which structures they will develop into.

For which of the following classes of developmental genes is the phenotype of the developing individual not determined by the individual's genotype?

Maternal effect genes

A differentiated cell of a mature plant

A fundamental principle of developmental biology, the principle of _______, states that no information is lost from the nuclei of cells during the early stages of development.

In the process of pattern formation in the Drosophila embryo,

Working with carrot root cells, Fredrick Stewart showed that these cells had the potential to form any type of carrot cell. Before he could produce an embryo, Stewart had to coax the root cells to _______ with the treatment of appropriate nutrient media.

Which of the following cells differentiates into the primary vulval precursor cell in C. elegans development?

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Although plants may be cloned from ___ somatic cells, animals have so far been cloned using either _ cells or by _ with ___ eggs.