Question 1

"All toads are animals.All men are animals.Therefore,all men are toads." Many would evaluate this as a valid syllogism due to its ALL ALL ALL form.This is because

Accepted Answer

A) of belief bias. 
B) people have trouble reasoning about familiar objects. 
C) people have more trouble with universal quantifiers (e.g. ,ALL)than with particular ones (e.g. ,SOM
E) . 
D) of an atmosphere effect. 
A) of belief bias. 
B) people have trouble reasoning about familiar objects. 
C) people have more trouble with universal quantifiers (e.g. ,ALL)than with particular ones (e.g. ,SOM
E) . 
D) of an atmosphere effect. D

Question 2

Compare a $50 gain and a $50 loss.Which of these is more psychologically powerful,according to prospect theory?

Accepted Answer

A) They have equal value. 
B) A $50 gain is more psychologically powerful. 
C) It depends on the particular situation. 
D) A $50 loss is more psychologically powerful. 
A) They have equal value. 
B) A $50 gain is more psychologically powerful. 
C) It depends on the particular situation. 
D) A $50 loss is more psychologically powerful. D

Question 3

Credit card companies' practice of providing you with a minimum payment on your monthly bill likely influences payments to the companies' advantage.This influence occurs,at least in part,due to

Accepted Answer

A) the availability heuristic. 
B) illusory correlation. 
C) representativeness heuristic. 
D) anchoring and adjustment. 
A) the availability heuristic. 
B) illusory correlation. 
C) representativeness heuristic. 
D) anchoring and adjustment. D

Question 4

Immediate memory capacity is _____ with susceptibility to the belief-bias effect.

Accepted Answer

A) not correlated 
B) negatively correlated 
C) positively correlated 
D) synonymous with 
A) not correlated 
B) negatively correlated 
C) positively correlated 
D) synonymous with

Question 5

Which of these is an example of the sunk-cost effect?

Accepted Answer

A) Sally is too sick to go out,but decides to attend the play since she paid $40 for the ticket. 
B) Jenny relents to the high-pressure sales person and spends $550 on accessories she doesn't need. 
C) Despite continued losses,Tony continues to play the ponies at the local track. 
D) Aaron has a decent seat for the basketball game,but decides to upgrade them by buying much better seats 
A) Sally is too sick to go out,but decides to attend the play since she paid $40 for the ticket. 
B) Jenny relents to the high-pressure sales person and spends $550 on accessories she doesn't need. 
C) Despite continued losses,Tony continues to play the ponies at the local track. 
D) Aaron has a decent seat for the basketball game,but decides to upgrade them by buying much better seats

Question 6

Affirming the antecedent is also called ______ and is a(n)______ form.

Accepted Answer

A) modus ponens;valid 
B) modus ponens;invalid 
C) modus tollens;valid 
D) modus tollens;invalid 
A) modus ponens;valid 
B) modus ponens;invalid 
C) modus tollens;valid 
D) modus tollens;invalid

Question 7

Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic:

Accepted Answer

A) the representativeness heuristic. 
B) simulation. 
C) the availability heuristic. 
D) anchoring and adjustment. 
A) the representativeness heuristic. 
B) simulation. 
C) the availability heuristic. 
D) anchoring and adjustment.

Question 8

The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves special processes and representations that operate in the abstract,outside of any real-life context.

Accepted Answer

A) experience based 
B) rule-based 
C) categorization 
D) confirmatory 
A) experience based 
B) rule-based 
C) categorization 
D) confirmatory

Question 9

The more recently something has happened,the _____ likely it is to affect our judgment,due to

Accepted Answer

A) less;an atmosphere effect. 
B) more;the availability heuristic. 
C) more;anchoring effects. 
D) less;the representativeness heuristic. 
A) less;an atmosphere effect. 
B) more;the availability heuristic. 
C) more;anchoring effects. 
D) less;the representativeness heuristic.

Question 10

The classic Watson Selection Task is a _____ reasoning task.

Accepted Answer

A) deontic 
B) conditional 
C) normative 
D) syllogistic 
A) deontic 
B) conditional 
C) normative 
D) syllogistic

Question 11

People often fail to choose correctly on the Watson Selection Task because they resist

Accepted Answer

A) affirming the antecedent. 
B) confirmatory evidence. 
C) disconfirmatory evidence. 
D) affirming the consequent. 
A) affirming the antecedent. 
B) confirmatory evidence. 
C) disconfirmatory evidence. 
D) affirming the consequent.

Question 12

People tend to ignore the base rate of some occurrence in the population in making their judgments.For example,they assume anyone over 6 feet,6 inches tall must have played a lot of basketball,even though the majority of individuals have not played much basketball.This is a prime example of

Accepted Answer

A) regression to the mean. 
B) the availability heuristic. 
C) the representativeness heuristic. 
D) anchoring and adjustment. 
A) regression to the mean. 
B) the availability heuristic. 
C) the representativeness heuristic. 
D) anchoring and adjustment.

Question 13

Myside bias is a more specific form of what general bias?

Accepted Answer

A) The atmosphere effect 
B) Modus ponens 
C) Fallacy of affirming the consequent 
D) Confirmation bias 
A) The atmosphere effect 
B) Modus ponens 
C) Fallacy of affirming the consequent 
D) Confirmation bias

Question 14

If you want someone to be willing to take a risk,you can make it more likely by

Accepted Answer

A) telling them what they stand to gain if they don't take the risk. 
B) telling them what they stand to lose if they don't take the risk. 
C) pitting the risk against a sure gain. 
D) doing nothing special;risk-taking is people's "default mode." 
A) telling them what they stand to gain if they don't take the risk. 
B) telling them what they stand to lose if they don't take the risk. 
C) pitting the risk against a sure gain. 
D) doing nothing special;risk-taking is people's "default mode."

Question 15

According to the expected utility theory,our choices should _____ show invariance.Invariance refers to

Accepted Answer

A) never;failing to change our choices even when circumstances dictate we should. 
B) never;failing to change a course of action once it's been chosen. 
C) always;preferring one alternative over another,no matter how the alternatives are presented. 
D) always;sticking with a course of action once it's been chosen. 
A) never;failing to change our choices even when circumstances dictate we should. 
B) never;failing to change a course of action once it's been chosen. 
C) always;preferring one alternative over another,no matter how the alternatives are presented. 
D) always;sticking with a course of action once it's been chosen.

Question 16

According to Marchiori,Papies,and Klein (2013),in terms of anchoring,what can we do to reduce overeating?

Accepted Answer

A) Use a smaller plate. 
B) Eat with friends. 
C) Eat with distractions. 
D) Use different utensils. 
A) Use a smaller plate. 
B) Eat with friends. 
C) Eat with distractions. 
D) Use different utensils.

Question 17

Porcelli and Delgado (2009)investigated the effects of acute stress on framing effects in decision making.They found that

Accepted Answer

A) acute stress reversed the typical framing effect. 
B) acute stress accentuated the typical framing effect. 
C) acute stress had no influence on the typical framing effect. 
D) the framing effect obtained depended on the particular nature of the stressor. 
A) acute stress reversed the typical framing effect. 
B) acute stress accentuated the typical framing effect. 
C) acute stress had no influence on the typical framing effect. 
D) the framing effect obtained depended on the particular nature of the stressor.

Question 18

The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves updating the strengths of one's beliefs based on the recall of specific instances.

Accepted Answer

A) experience-based 
B) rule-based 
C) categorization 
D) confirmatory 
A) experience-based 
B) rule-based 
C) categorization 
D) confirmatory

Question 19

Deductive reasoning problems have all of the following characteristics except

Accepted Answer

A) going from general to specific. 
B) very little constraint. 
C) the application of algorithms for solution. 
D) premises and conclusions. 
A) going from general to specific. 
B) very little constraint. 
C) the application of algorithms for solution. 
D) premises and conclusions.

Question 20

When your best friend divorces,her mother tells her,"I'm sorry for you,but I knew this would eventually happen.You were never really right for each other." This is an example of the

Accepted Answer

A) framing effect. 
B) availability heuristic. 
C) hindsight bias. 
D) illusory correlation. 
A) framing effect. 
B) availability heuristic. 
C) hindsight bias. 
D) illusory correlation.

"All toads are animals.All men are animals.Therefore,all men are toads." Many would evaluate this as a valid syllogism due to its ALL ALL ALL form.This is because

Compare a $50 gain and a $50 loss.Which of these is more psychologically powerful,according to prospect theory?

Credit card companies' practice of providing you with a minimum payment on your monthly bill likely influences payments to the companies' advantage.This influence occurs,at least in part,due to

Immediate memory capacity is _____ with susceptibility to the belief-bias effect.

Which of these is an example of the sunk-cost effect?

Affirming the antecedent is also called and is a(n) form.

Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic:

The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves special processes and representations that operate in the abstract,outside of any real-life context.

The more recently something has happened,the _____ likely it is to affect our judgment,due to

The classic Watson Selection Task is a _____ reasoning task.

People often fail to choose correctly on the Watson Selection Task because they resist

People tend to ignore the base rate of some occurrence in the population in making their judgments.For example,they assume anyone over 6 feet,6 inches tall must have played a lot of basketball,even though the majority of individuals have not played much basketball.This is a prime example of

Myside bias is a more specific form of what general bias?

If you want someone to be willing to take a risk,you can make it more likely by

According to the expected utility theory,our choices should _____ show invariance.Invariance refers to

According to Marchiori,Papies,and Klein (2013),in terms of anchoring,what can we do to reduce overeating?

Porcelli and Delgado (2009)investigated the effects of acute stress on framing effects in decision making.They found that

The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves updating the strengths of one's beliefs based on the recall of specific instances.

Deductive reasoning problems have all of the following characteristics except

When your best friend divorces,her mother tells her,"I'm sorry for you,but I knew this would eventually happen.You were never really right for each other." This is an example of the

Cognition As the Study of Information Processing

Perception and Consciousness

Mechanisms of Attention

Immediate Memory

Concepts and Categories of Object Recognition

Basic Processes in Long-Term Memory

The Reconstructive Nature of Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Basic Issues in Languageand Speech Processing

Reading and Comprehending Text

Problem Solving

Filters

Exam 11: Judgments and Decisions

"All toads are animals.All men are animals.Therefore,all men are toads." Many would evaluate this as a valid syllogism due to its ALL ALL ALL form.This is because

Compare a $50 gain and a $50 loss.Which of these is more psychologically powerful,according to prospect theory?

Credit card companies' practice of providing you with a minimum payment on your monthly bill likely influences payments to the companies' advantage.This influence occurs,at least in part,due to

Immediate memory capacity is _____ with susceptibility to the belief-bias effect.

Which of these is an example of the sunk-cost effect?

Affirming the antecedent is also called ______ and is a(n)______ form.

Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic:

The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves special processes and representations that operate in the abstract,outside of any real-life context.

The more recently something has happened,the _____ likely it is to affect our judgment,due to

The classic Watson Selection Task is a _____ reasoning task.

People often fail to choose correctly on the Watson Selection Task because they resist

People tend to ignore the base rate of some occurrence in the population in making their judgments.For example,they assume anyone over 6 feet,6 inches tall must have played a lot of basketball,even though the majority of individuals have not played much basketball.This is a prime example of

Myside bias is a more specific form of what general bias?

If you want someone to be willing to take a risk,you can make it more likely by

According to the expected utility theory,our choices should _____ show invariance.Invariance refers to

According to Marchiori,Papies,and Klein (2013),in terms of anchoring,what can we do to reduce overeating?

Porcelli and Delgado (2009)investigated the effects of acute stress on framing effects in decision making.They found that

The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive reasoning involves updating the strengths of one's beliefs based on the recall of specific instances.

Deductive reasoning problems have all of the following characteristics except

When your best friend divorces,her mother tells her,"I'm sorry for you,but I knew this would eventually happen.You were never really right for each other." This is an example of the

Cognition As the Study of Information Processing

Perception and Consciousness

Mechanisms of Attention

Immediate Memory

Concepts and Categories of Object Recognition

Basic Processes in Long-Term Memory

The Reconstructive Nature of Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Basic Issues in Languageand Speech Processing

Reading and Comprehending Text

Problem Solving

Filters

Affirming the antecedent is also called and is a(n) form.