Exam 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

A ______________ is used to reveal the detailed internal structure of cells.

Viruses like adenovirus,which causes respiratory infections in mammals,have a 20-sided polyhedral capsid.What is this polyhedral shape called?

In bone marrow transplantation,what is the usual source of the donor cells? For what diseases is bone marrow transplantation most often used?

Usually,a virus infects a cell and arrests the normal synthetic activities of the host,redirecting the cell to use its available materials to manufacture viral nucleic acids and proteins,which assemble into new viruses.Ultimately,the infected cell ruptures and releases a new generation of viral particles that can infect neighboring cells.This type of infection is called a(n)_________ infection.

It was long thought that cell differentiation was irreversible,i.e. ,once a cell like a fibroblast,a white blood cell or a cartilage cell has differentiated,it could not revert to any other cell type.Surprisingly,this is not the case.Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues have succeeded in reprogramming a fully differentiated mouse cell,specifically a type of connective tissue fibroblast,into a pluripotent stem cell.How was this stunning feat accomplished? How did they demonstrate that iPS cells were indeed pluripotent?

Cells grown in culture,outside the body are called ________ cells.They have become an essential tool of cell and molecular biologists.

What is the difference between bone marrow transplantation and blood transfusion?

Studies on mice suggest that bacterial species predominating in obese individuals differ from those in the digestive tracts of lean individuals and that they play a role in weight gain in obese individuals.What are these bacteria in obese individuals proposed to do that increases weight gain in obese individuals?

Briefly summarize the procedure involved in bone marrow transplantation.

How have investigators been able to improve the situation of golden retrievers suffering from an inherited disease very similar to the human skeletal-muscle disorder muscular dystrophy? What are isolated stem cells present in adult skeletal muscle called?

The first culture of human cells was begun by George and Martha Gey of Johns Hopkins University in 1951).The cells were obtained from a malignant tumor and named ______ cells after the donor,_________.

The first compound light microscopes were constructed by the end of the sixteenth century.What is a compound microscope?

In some cases,an infecting virus does not lead to the death of the host cell,but instead integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell's chromosomes.Integration of the viral DNA can have different effects like exhibiting normal behavior until exposure to a stimulus that activates the dormant viral DNA,production of viral progeny that bud off of the infected cell or a loss of control over growth and division leading to malignancy.Such an infection is referred to as a(n)______ infection.

What advantage in cell replacement therapy do adult stem cells have over ES cells? What disadvantage do these same cells have relative to ES stem cells?

The process by which a relatively unspecialized cell becomes highly specialized is called _______.

What advantageous uses have viruses been shown to have?

Who is generally credited with the discovery of cells?

Why are Archaea restricted to such harsh and difficult habitats?

Which of the following characteristics is(are)not a basic property of cells?

What is the name for undifferentiated cells that are both capable of self-renewal (production of more cells like themselves)and multipotent,that is capable of differentiating into two or more mature cell types?