Exam 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

According to Erikson, if a child develops a sense of trust, he or she will ______ as an adult.

According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is most closely identified with _____.

Another term for self-rule is _____.

Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. When she walks into another room, Jerome throws a huge temper tantrum. However, when his mother returns, he is not relieved. Instead, he cries and hits her. When she puts him down, he throws another fit and puts his arms up to be held. Jerome is exhibiting characteristics of _____ attachment.

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

Eleven-month-old Ethan lives in a very disorganized, low-income environment. He has a history of maltreatment. Ethan's parents have a violent relationship and it's not uncommon for Ethan to observe his parents hitting and screaming at each other. As a result of these experiences, Ethan experiences excessive fear and stress. What structures of the brain can be harmed by this type of fear and stress? Explain, citing findings from brain scans of children who were maltreated in infancy.

In-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.

According to Erikson's theory, what holds true for most toddlers?

_____ tend to engage their infants in more active play than the infant's other parent does.

"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of _____.

If separation anxiety remains intense after age 3, impairing a child's ability to leave home, go to school, or play with other children, it is considered a(n) ______.

One element of day care that researchers agree is extremely important is the _____ of the day-care setting.

Close father-infant relationships teach infants, especially _____, appropriate expressions of emotion, particularly anger.

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This indicates that the child has some _____.

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are _____.

Baby Roland wants his bottle, but he can't reach it. He gets angry, his face turns red, and he cries loudly. His anger is a healthy response to his frustration.

An infant's fear of being left alone by a parent or other caregiver is called "_____."

Most developmentalists agree that the anterior cingulate gyrus is the part of the brain's _____ that is directly connected to emotional self-regulation.

According to research, children in the United States generally benefit from maternal employment, for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____.

The _____ is the classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment by evoking an infant's reaction to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.