Exam 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

When a baby discovers that her world is a fairly predictable place in which her needs are met by a responsive caregiver, Erikson would say she has resolved the crisis of ______ versus mistrust.

According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference that may be used later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a "_____."

Explain the evolutionary approach to understanding how infants' early emotions are essential to their survival.

Madison's mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too. Madison engaged in social referencing to guide her own reaction to her mother's friend.

An insecure attachment in infancy means that the child is destined for lifelong problems with relationships.

When Caitlin falls and hurts herself, she cries and runs to her mother. Rather than comforting Caitlin, her mother offers her a toy to distract her. Her mother is probably a(n) _____ parent.

According to research on Romanian orphanages, children who were adopted after 18 months tended to score ____ points lower on intelligence tests than the statistical norm.

Which characteristic must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

Baby Mo hits and then kisses his father. During the day, he will routinely stare off into space, followed by intense temper tantrums that do not seem to have an obvious cause. When frustrated, Mo will pinch himself, as well as his caregivers. These behaviors are characteristic of _____ attachment.

Harry's mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Harry climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Harry is probably a(n) _____ attached child.

The New York Longitudinal Study suggested that children as young as 3 months old manifested nine inborn temperamental traits.

Baby Chang participated in a research study in which the researcher restrained Chang's arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

Based on many decades of research, attachment appears to be _____.

Evolutionary theory stresses two needs: ____.

The part of the brain known as the "_____" is affected by chronic early stress; as a result, the brain may develop more slowly in a stressed infant than in a nonstressed infant.

One-year-old Jacob follows his mother when she moves about the house and tries to climb up her legs when she is sitting in a chair. He is exhibiting his attachment to her through _____ behavior.

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

Which young boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants.