Question 1

Correlational studies allow the researcher to

Accepted Answer

A)  Test for differences between two variables. 
B)  Predict the effect of one variable upon another. 
C)  Make causal inferences about the relationship between two variables. 
D)  Identify the relationship between two variables. 
A)  Test for differences between two variables. 
B)  Predict the effect of one variable upon another. 
C)  Make causal inferences about the relationship between two variables. 
D)  Identify the relationship between two variables. D

Question 2

Twenty people took part in study in which they completed two questionnaires: one that measured musical ability and one that measured their mathematical aptitude. The two sets of scores were then analysed to determine if the two skills were related. Which research design was used in the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  An observational study 
B)  A case study 
C)  A correlational study 
D)  An experiment 
A)  An observational study 
B)  A case study 
C)  A correlational study 
D)  An experiment C

Question 3

Which of the following techniques is a good way of assessing whether two variables are related to each other?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calculating variance 
B)  Calculating covariance 
C)  Calculating correlation 
D)  Calculating standard deviation 
A)  Calculating variance 
B)  Calculating covariance 
C)  Calculating correlation 
D)  Calculating standard deviation B

Question 4

Which of the following statement about Pearson's correlation coefficient is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can be used as an effect size measure. 
B)  It varies between -1 and +1. 
C)  It cannot be used with binary variables (those taking on a value of 0 or 1). 
D)  It can be used on ranked data. 
A)  It can be used as an effect size measure. 
B)  It varies between -1 and +1. 
C)  It cannot be used with binary variables (those taking on a value of 0 or 1). 
D)  It can be used on ranked data.

Question 5

A study undertaken to determine whether sugar-free drinks reduced tooth decay in adolescents gave a probability of .0015 associated with the correlation coefficient. What can be deduced about this result?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hypothesis is true. 
B)  The result is not significant. 
C)  There is a 0.15% that the result is due to sampling error and so the null hypothesis is true. 
D)  There is a 0.15% chance that the result is correct. 
A)  The hypothesis is true. 
B)  The result is not significant. 
C)  There is a 0.15% that the result is due to sampling error and so the null hypothesis is true. 
D)  There is a 0.15% chance that the result is correct.

Question 6

A researcher is wishing to undertake a study of the relationship between a specific type of analgesia and levels of pain experienced by sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis. It is believed that level of physical activity will influence both of these variables and so it has been decided that the use of partial correlations will allow for this in the research. On which of the following should a correlation be performed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Type of analgesia used and level of pain experienced, controlling for level of physical activity 
B)  Level of pain experienced and level of physical activity, controlling for type of analgesia used 
C)  Type of analgesia used and physical activity level, controlling for level of pain experienced 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Type of analgesia used and level of pain experienced, controlling for level of physical activity 
B)  Level of pain experienced and level of physical activity, controlling for type of analgesia used 
C)  Type of analgesia used and physical activity level, controlling for level of pain experienced 
D)  None of the above

Question 7

The correlation between two variables A and B is .12 with a significance of p < .01. What can we conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  That there is a substantial relationship between A and B 
B)  That there is a small relationship between A and B 
C)  That variable A causes variable B 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  That there is a substantial relationship between A and B 
B)  That there is a small relationship between A and B 
C)  That variable A causes variable B 
D)  All of the above.

Question 8

If there were a perfect positive correlation between two interval/ratio variables, Pearson's r test would give a correlation coefficient of

Accepted Answer

A)  -.33. 
B)  +1. 
C)  +.88. 
D)  -1. 
A)  -.33. 
B)  +1. 
C)  +.88. 
D)  -1.

Question 9

A researcher conducts some research in which they identify a significant positive correlation (r = .42) between the number of children a person has and their life satisfaction. Which of the following is it inappropriate to conclude from this research?

Accepted Answer

A)  That having children makes people more satisfied with their life. 
B)  That someone who has children is likely to be happier than someone who doesn't. 
C)  That the consequences of having children are unclear. 
D)  That it is possible to predict someone's life happiness partly on the basis of the number of children they have. 
A)  That having children makes people more satisfied with their life. 
B)  That someone who has children is likely to be happier than someone who doesn't. 
C)  That the consequences of having children are unclear. 
D)  That it is possible to predict someone's life happiness partly on the basis of the number of children they have.

Question 10

One of the factors that affect the reliability of findings from studies using correlations is

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of variables being investigated. 
B)  The type of relationship that is found. 
C)  The level of significance set at the start of the study. 
D)  The number of people who take part. 
A)  The number of variables being investigated. 
B)  The type of relationship that is found. 
C)  The level of significance set at the start of the study. 
D)  The number of people who take part.

Question 11

In order for accurate measures of the linear relationship between two variables to be achieved, what type of data are required if using Pearson's correlation coefficient?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interval 
B)  Ratio 
C)  Ordinal 
D)  Categorical 
A)  Interval 
B)  Ratio 
C)  Ordinal 
D)  Categorical

Question 12

When interpreting a correlation coefficient, it is important to look at:

Accepted Answer

A)  The significance of the correlation coefficient. 
B)  The magnitude of the correlation coefficient. 
C)  The sign of the correlation coefficient. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  The significance of the correlation coefficient. 
B)  The magnitude of the correlation coefficient. 
C)  The sign of the correlation coefficient. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 13

The relationship between two variables, controlling for the effect that a third variable has on one of those variables, can be expressed using a

Accepted Answer

A)  Semi-partial correlation. 
B)  Bivariate correlation. 
C)  Point-biserial correlation. 
D)  Partial correlation. 
A)  Semi-partial correlation. 
B)  Bivariate correlation. 
C)  Point-biserial correlation. 
D)  Partial correlation.

Question 14

Which of the following statements would you consider to be a good example of negative correlation?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rate of uptake of measles vaccination increasing with a corresponding increase in reported incidence of measles cases 
B)  The rate of measles incidence increasing with a decreasing uptake of measles vaccination 
C)  The incidence of measles illness decreasing with the rising numbers of measles immunization uptake 
D)  None of the above 
A)  The rate of uptake of measles vaccination increasing with a corresponding increase in reported incidence of measles cases 
B)  The rate of measles incidence increasing with a decreasing uptake of measles vaccination 
C)  The incidence of measles illness decreasing with the rising numbers of measles immunization uptake 
D)  None of the above

Question 15

The covariance is

Accepted Answer

A)  An unstandardized version of the correlation coefficient. 
B)  A measure of the strength of relationship between two variables. 
C)  Dependent on the units of measurement of the variables. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  An unstandardized version of the correlation coefficient. 
B)  A measure of the strength of relationship between two variables. 
C)  Dependent on the units of measurement of the variables. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 16

A positive correlation shows that

Accepted Answer

A)  Two variables are unrelated. 
B)  As one score increases, so does the other. 
C)  As one score increases, the other decreases. 
D)  Both a and 
A)  Two variables are unrelated. 
B)  As one score increases, so does the other. 
C)  As one score increases, the other decreases. 
D)  Both a and

Question 17

How much variance has been explained by a correlation of .9?

Accepted Answer

A)  81% 
B)  18% 
C)  9% 
D)  None of the above 
A)  81% 
B)  18% 
C)  9% 
D)  None of the above

Question 18

What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship between two ordinal variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spearman's rho 
B)  Phi 
C)  Cramér's V 
D)  Chi-square 
A)  Spearman's rho 
B)  Phi 
C)  Cramér's V 
D)  Chi-square

Question 19

A study undertaken in a surgical ward determined that the use of a specific antibacterial handwash was considered to be the most effective and cost effective. Which of the following results would be considered most significant?

Accepted Answer

A)  p < .01 
B)  p < .001 
C)  p < .0005 
D)  p < .0001 
A)  p < .01 
B)  p < .001 
C)  p < .0005 
D)  p < .0001

Question 20

Which of the following is not an example of a test used to correlate non-parametric data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spearman's correlation 
B)  Pearson's correlation 
C)  Kendall's correlation 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Spearman's correlation 
B)  Pearson's correlation 
C)  Kendall's correlation 
D)  None of the above

Correlational studies allow the researcher to

Twenty people took part in study in which they completed two questionnaires: one that measured musical ability and one that measured their mathematical aptitude. The two sets of scores were then analysed to determine if the two skills were related. Which research design was used in the study?

Which of the following techniques is a good way of assessing whether two variables are related to each other?

Which of the following statement about Pearson's correlation coefficient is not true?

A study undertaken to determine whether sugar-free drinks reduced tooth decay in adolescents gave a probability of .0015 associated with the correlation coefficient. What can be deduced about this result?

The correlation between two variables A and B is .12 with a significance of p < .01. What can we conclude?

If there were a perfect positive correlation between two interval/ratio variables, Pearson's r test would give a correlation coefficient of

A researcher conducts some research in which they identify a significant positive correlation (r = .42) between the number of children a person has and their life satisfaction. Which of the following is it inappropriate to conclude from this research?

One of the factors that affect the reliability of findings from studies using correlations is

In order for accurate measures of the linear relationship between two variables to be achieved, what type of data are required if using Pearson's correlation coefficient?

When interpreting a correlation coefficient, it is important to look at:

The relationship between two variables, controlling for the effect that a third variable has on one of those variables, can be expressed using a

Which of the following statements would you consider to be a good example of negative correlation?

The covariance is

A positive correlation shows that

How much variance has been explained by a correlation of .9?

What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship between two ordinal variables?

A study undertaken in a surgical ward determined that the use of a specific antibacterial handwash was considered to be the most effective and cost effective. Which of the following results would be considered most significant?

Which of the following is not an example of a test used to correlate non-parametric data?

Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics

The Spine of Statistics

The Phoenix of Statistics

The Ibm Spss Statistics Environment

Exploring Data With Graphs

The Beast of Bias

Non-Parametric Models

The Linear Model Regression

Comparing Two Means

Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors

Glm 1: Comparing Several Independent Means

Glm 2: Comparing Means Adjusted for Other Predictors Analysis of Covariance

Glm 3: Factorial Designs

Glm 4: Repeated-Measures Designs

Glm 5: Mixed Designs

Multivariate Analysis of Variance Manova

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression

Multilevel Linear Models

Filters

Exam 8: Correlation

Correlational studies allow the researcher to

Twenty people took part in study in which they completed two questionnaires: one that measured musical ability and one that measured their mathematical aptitude. The two sets of scores were then analysed to determine if the two skills were related. Which research design was used in the study?

Which of the following techniques is a good way of assessing whether two variables are related to each other?

Which of the following statement about Pearson's correlation coefficient is not true?

A study undertaken to determine whether sugar-free drinks reduced tooth decay in adolescents gave a probability of .0015 associated with the correlation coefficient. What can be deduced about this result?

The correlation between two variables A and B is .12 with a significance of p < .01. What can we conclude?

If there were a perfect positive correlation between two interval/ratio variables, Pearson's r test would give a correlation coefficient of

A researcher conducts some research in which they identify a significant positive correlation (r = .42) between the number of children a person has and their life satisfaction. Which of the following is it inappropriate to conclude from this research?

One of the factors that affect the reliability of findings from studies using correlations is

In order for accurate measures of the linear relationship between two variables to be achieved, what type of data are required if using Pearson's correlation coefficient?

When interpreting a correlation coefficient, it is important to look at:

The relationship between two variables, controlling for the effect that a third variable has on one of those variables, can be expressed using a

Which of the following statements would you consider to be a good example of negative correlation?

The covariance is

A positive correlation shows that

How much variance has been explained by a correlation of .9?

What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship between two ordinal variables?

A study undertaken in a surgical ward determined that the use of a specific antibacterial handwash was considered to be the most effective and cost effective. Which of the following results would be considered most significant?

Which of the following is not an example of a test used to correlate non-parametric data?

Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics

The Spine of Statistics

The Phoenix of Statistics

The Ibm Spss Statistics Environment

Exploring Data With Graphs

The Beast of Bias

Non-Parametric Models

The Linear Model Regression

Comparing Two Means

Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors

Glm 1: Comparing Several Independent Means

Glm 2: Comparing Means Adjusted for Other Predictors Analysis of Covariance

Glm 3: Factorial Designs

Glm 4: Repeated-Measures Designs

Glm 5: Mixed Designs

Multivariate Analysis of Variance Manova

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression

Multilevel Linear Models

Filters