Question 1

A frequency distribution in which low scores are most frequent (i.e., bars on the graph are highest on the left hand side) is said to be

Accepted Answer

A)  Positively skewed 
B)  Leptokurtic 
C)  Platykurtic 
D)  Negatively skewed 
A)  Positively skewed 
B)  Leptokurtic 
C)  Platykurtic 
D)  Negatively skewed A

Question 2

What does a significant test statistic tell us?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an important effect. 
B)  The hull hypothesis is false. 
C)  There is an effect in the population of sufficient magnitude to be scientifically interesting. 
D)  All of the above. 
A)  There is an important effect. 
B)  The hull hypothesis is false. 
C)  There is an effect in the population of sufficient magnitude to be scientifically interesting. 
D)  All of the above. C

Question 3

What is a t-distribution?

Accepted Answer

A)  A representation of probability distributions that change shape as the sample size increases* 
B)  A means of calculating the standard error 
C)  A representation of the distribution of the means 
D)  A means of calculating probability 
A)  A representation of probability distributions that change shape as the sample size increases* 
B)  A means of calculating the standard error 
C)  A representation of the distribution of the means 
D)  A means of calculating probability A

Question 4

Which of the following is true about a 95% confidence interval of the mean of a given sample

Accepted Answer

A)  95 out of 100 sample means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval. 
B)  There is a 95% chance that the population mean will fall within the limits of the confidence interval. 
C)  95 out of 100 population means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval. 
D)  There is a .05 probability that the population mean falls within the limits of the confidence interval. 
A)  95 out of 100 sample means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval. 
B)  There is a 95% chance that the population mean will fall within the limits of the confidence interval. 
C)  95 out of 100 population means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval. 
D)  There is a .05 probability that the population mean falls within the limits of the confidence interval.

Question 5

In order to determine the effects of a specific drug on the treatment of childhood asthma, randomized controlled trials are usually conducted. Which of the following statistical methods will provide the best conclusions for the trials conducted?

Accepted Answer

A)  Patient survey 
B)  Meta-analysis 
C)  Observational study 
D)  Standardized t-test 
A)  Patient survey 
B)  Meta-analysis 
C)  Observational study 
D)  Standardized t-test

Question 6

Which of the following statements would you consider to be the null hypothesis in relation to a research proposal which states that it is investigating the impact of nutrition on wound healing time?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no relationship between the two variables in the population. 
B)  There is a relationship between the two population variables. 
C)  There are additional factors which need consideration to this research . 
D)  There are no additional factors which need to be considered in this research. 
A)  There is no relationship between the two variables in the population. 
B)  There is a relationship between the two population variables. 
C)  There are additional factors which need consideration to this research . 
D)  There are no additional factors which need to be considered in this research.

Question 7

Confidence intervals are a means of assessing the accuracy of sample data. If you read that the average expected range of birth weight of newborns in your area falls between 2 and 12 lbs, what additional information is required in order to predict a 95% confidence interval in terms of birth weights?

Accepted Answer

A)  z-score and standard error of the sample 
B)  mean and standard deviations of the sample, and z-score 
C)  mean and standard deviations of the sample 
D)  mean and z-score of the sample 
A)  z-score and standard error of the sample 
B)  mean and standard deviations of the sample, and z-score 
C)  mean and standard deviations of the sample 
D)  mean and z-score of the sample

Question 8

What is the significance of data that fall within confidence intervals?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reflects the national average. 
B)  It reflects statistical significance. 
C)  It reflects a true value of the predicted weight. 
D)  It is most likely to be similar to all the values that are contained within the range. 
A)  It reflects the national average. 
B)  It reflects statistical significance. 
C)  It reflects a true value of the predicted weight. 
D)  It is most likely to be similar to all the values that are contained within the range.

Question 9

What is the conventional level of probability that is often accepted when conducting statistical tests?

Accepted Answer

A)  .1 
B)  .05 
C)  .5 
D)  .001 
A)  .1 
B)  .05 
C)  .5 
D)  .001

Question 10

A standard deviation that has a value of 0 is best explained by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data points are distant to the mean. 
B)  Data points equal the mean. 
C)  All the scores are the same. 
D)  Data points are close to the mean. 
A)  Data points are distant to the mean. 
B)  Data points equal the mean. 
C)  All the scores are the same. 
D)  Data points are close to the mean.

Question 11

Of the following results of studies undertaken, which is considered to have been a Type II error?

Accepted Answer

A)  A study of the use of silver nitrate dressings versus the use of acupuncture demonstrated equal healing times for the treatment of leg ulcers within the elderly community. The researchers concluded that both types of treatment were equally effective. 
B)  A study of sleep behaviour showed that there is a relationship between raised body temperature and the number of hours of sleep. The conclusion drawn was that a person would sleep more if they had a high body temperature. 
C)  In a study of children's reading habits at home, a relationship between reading and eating bananas was found. The conclusion was drawn that eating bananas improved reading ability. 
D)  Following the discovery that a person's pain threshold increases when subjected to repeated electrical stimulation, researchers concluded that shock therapy is recommended for pain control. 
A)  A study of the use of silver nitrate dressings versus the use of acupuncture demonstrated equal healing times for the treatment of leg ulcers within the elderly community. The researchers concluded that both types of treatment were equally effective. 
B)  A study of sleep behaviour showed that there is a relationship between raised body temperature and the number of hours of sleep. The conclusion drawn was that a person would sleep more if they had a high body temperature. 
C)  In a study of children's reading habits at home, a relationship between reading and eating bananas was found. The conclusion was drawn that eating bananas improved reading ability. 
D)  Following the discovery that a person's pain threshold increases when subjected to repeated electrical stimulation, researchers concluded that shock therapy is recommended for pain control.

Question 12

Which of the following statements would be considered a two-tailed hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  A female doctor will be more empathetic than her male counterpart. 
B)  As rates of immunization for measles increase, the incidence of measles will decrease. 
C)  It is clear that there is a relationship between a healthy balanced diet and feelings of well-being. 
D)  The use of antibiotics will not impact the progression of a viral infection. 
A)  A female doctor will be more empathetic than her male counterpart. 
B)  As rates of immunization for measles increase, the incidence of measles will decrease. 
C)  It is clear that there is a relationship between a healthy balanced diet and feelings of well-being. 
D)  The use of antibiotics will not impact the progression of a viral infection.

Question 13

Which of the following statements best describes the value of an 'effect size' to research?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has a key role to play when calculating assumptions about collected data. 
B)  It is a vital statistic when calculating the significance of an experimental study. 
C)  It is a measure of the power of an experiment and therefore its significance. 
D)  It is a standardized measure that allows for the comparison across different studies that have used different variables or measurement scales. 
A)  It has a key role to play when calculating assumptions about collected data. 
B)  It is a vital statistic when calculating the significance of an experimental study. 
C)  It is a measure of the power of an experiment and therefore its significance. 
D)  It is a standardized measure that allows for the comparison across different studies that have used different variables or measurement scales.

Question 14

If the scores on a test have a mean of 26 and a standard deviation of 4, what is the z-score for a score of 18?

Accepted Answer

A)  -2 
B)  11 
C)  2 
D)  -1.41 
A)  -2 
B)  11 
C)  2 
D)  -1.41

Question 15

A Type I error is when:

Accepted Answer

A)  We conclude that there is a meaningful effect in the population when in fact there is not. 
B)  We conclude that there is not a meaningful effect in the population when in fact there is. 
C)  We conclude that the test statistic is significant when in fact it is not. 
D)  The data we have typed into SPSS are different than the data collected. 
A)  We conclude that there is a meaningful effect in the population when in fact there is not. 
B)  We conclude that there is not a meaningful effect in the population when in fact there is. 
C)  We conclude that the test statistic is significant when in fact it is not. 
D)  The data we have typed into SPSS are different than the data collected.

Question 16

Which of these statements about statistical power is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Power is the ability of a test to detect an effect. 
B)  We can use power to determine how big a sample is required to detect an effect of a certain size. 
C)  Power is linked to the probability of making a Type I error. 
D)  All of the above are true. 
A)  Power is the ability of a test to detect an effect. 
B)  We can use power to determine how big a sample is required to detect an effect of a certain size. 
C)  Power is linked to the probability of making a Type I error. 
D)  All of the above are true.

Question 17

'Sleep deprivation will reduce the ability to perform a complex cognitive task'. State the direction of this hypothesis

Accepted Answer

A)  Directional 
B)  Non-directional 
C)  Both 
D)  Not enough information given 
A)  Directional 
B)  Non-directional 
C)  Both 
D)  Not enough information given

Question 18

A null hypothesis

Accepted Answer

A)  States that the experimental treatment will have an effect. 
B)  Is rarely used in experiments. 
C)  Predicts that the experimental treatment will have no effect. 
D)  None of the above. 
A)  States that the experimental treatment will have an effect. 
B)  Is rarely used in experiments. 
C)  Predicts that the experimental treatment will have no effect. 
D)  None of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following terms best describes the sentence: 'In a blind tasting, people will not be able to tell the difference between margarine and butter'?

Accepted Answer

A)  A directional hypothesis 
B)  An operational definition 
C)  A null hypothesis 
D)  A non-directional hypothesis 
A)  A directional hypothesis 
B)  An operational definition 
C)  A null hypothesis 
D)  A non-directional hypothesis

Question 20

The aim of experimental research is to

Accepted Answer

A)  Be a phenomenon 
B)  Cause a phenomenon 
C)  Investigate what caused a phenomenon 
D)  Prevent a phenomenon 
A)  Be a phenomenon 
B)  Cause a phenomenon 
C)  Investigate what caused a phenomenon 
D)  Prevent a phenomenon

Exam 2: The Spine of Statistics

A frequency distribution in which low scores are most frequent (i.e., bars on the graph are highest on the left hand side) is said to be

What does a significant test statistic tell us?

What is a t-distribution?

Which of the following is true about a 95% confidence interval of the mean of a given sample

In order to determine the effects of a specific drug on the treatment of childhood asthma, randomized controlled trials are usually conducted. Which of the following statistical methods will provide the best conclusions for the trials conducted?

Which of the following statements would you consider to be the null hypothesis in relation to a research proposal which states that it is investigating the impact of nutrition on wound healing time?

What is the significance of data that fall within confidence intervals?

What is the conventional level of probability that is often accepted when conducting statistical tests?

A standard deviation that has a value of 0 is best explained by which of the following statements?

Of the following results of studies undertaken, which is considered to have been a Type II error?

Which of the following statements would be considered a two-tailed hypothesis?

Which of the following statements best describes the value of an 'effect size' to research?

If the scores on a test have a mean of 26 and a standard deviation of 4, what is the z-score for a score of 18?

A Type I error is when:

Which of these statements about statistical power is not true?

'Sleep deprivation will reduce the ability to perform a complex cognitive task'. State the direction of this hypothesis

A null hypothesis

Which of the following terms best describes the sentence: 'In a blind tasting, people will not be able to tell the difference between margarine and butter'?

The aim of experimental research is to

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The Phoenix of Statistics

The Ibm Spss Statistics Environment

Exploring Data With Graphs

The Beast of Bias

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Correlation

The Linear Model Regression

Comparing Two Means

Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors

Glm 1: Comparing Several Independent Means

Glm 2: Comparing Means Adjusted for Other Predictors Analysis of Covariance

Glm 3: Factorial Designs

Glm 4: Repeated-Measures Designs

Glm 5: Mixed Designs

Multivariate Analysis of Variance Manova

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression

Multilevel Linear Models

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