Question 1

Calculate the chi-square value for the below example.

Accepted Answer

A)  2.876 
B)  2.600 
C)  2.881 
D)  0.586 
A)  2.876 
B)  2.600 
C)  2.881 
D)  0.586 A

Question 2

Identify the critical value from a chi-square distribution table based on the df calculated above and a significance level of .05.

Accepted Answer

A)  3.84 
B)  5.99 
C)  7.81 
D)  9.49 
A)  3.84 
B)  5.99 
C)  7.81 
D)  9.49 A

Question 3

For a main effect or an interaction to be significant, what value should the z-score ideally exceed?

Accepted Answer

A)  1.96 
B)  2.50 
C)  0.92 
D)  1.30 
A)  1.96 
B)  2.50 
C)  0.92 
D)  1.30 A

Question 4

If a significant result is obtained, how might you interpret the findings more thoroughly?

Accepted Answer

A)  Refer to percentage totals in the contingency table. 
B)  Refer back to the raw data. 
C)  Refer to Fisher's exact test statistic. 
D)  Refer to the continuity correction value. 
A)  Refer to percentage totals in the contingency table. 
B)  Refer back to the raw data. 
C)  Refer to Fisher's exact test statistic. 
D)  Refer to the continuity correction value.

Question 5

Based on the chi-square value calculated and the critical value identified above, what can be deduced from the association between athletic status and whether the London Olympic Games inspired them to become more physically active?

Accepted Answer

A)  A significant difference exists between athletic status and the level of inspiration. 
B)  No significant difference exists between athletic status and the level of inspiration. 
C)  The relationship between athletic status and the level of inspiration is unclear. 
D)  A minor significant relationship exists between athletic status and the level of inspiration. 
A)  A significant difference exists between athletic status and the level of inspiration. 
B)  No significant difference exists between athletic status and the level of inspiration. 
C)  The relationship between athletic status and the level of inspiration is unclear. 
D)  A minor significant relationship exists between athletic status and the level of inspiration.

Question 6

If Yates's continuity correction is applied, how is the chi-square value calculated earlier altered?

Accepted Answer

A)  2.86 
B)  2.91 
C)  2.79 
D)  3.01 
A)  2.86 
B)  2.91 
C)  2.79 
D)  3.01

Question 7

When samples sizes are small, the significance from values from a chi-square distribution can become inaccurate. What test can be applied to reduce this effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fisher's exact test 
B)  Loglinear analysis 
C)  Seymour's test of precision 
D)  Multiple t-tests 
A)  Fisher's exact test 
B)  Loglinear analysis 
C)  Seymour's test of precision 
D)  Multiple t-tests

Question 8

What are the principal assumptions of analysing categorical data? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Independence of residuals. 
B)  No expected frequency should be less than 5. 
C)  Data should be normally distributed. 
D)  Sphericity must be assumed. 
A)  Independence of residuals. 
B)  No expected frequency should be less than 5. 
C)  Data should be normally distributed. 
D)  Sphericity must be assumed.

Question 9

If a backward elimination in loglinear analysis was to be used, what would be the initial effect or interaction potentially eliminated?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gender × athletic status × level of inspiration 
B)  Gender 
C)  Athletic status × level of inspiration 
D)  The order is not important so any effect or interaction could be potentially eliminated first. 
A)  Gender × athletic status × level of inspiration 
B)  Gender 
C)  Athletic status × level of inspiration 
D)  The order is not important so any effect or interaction could be potentially eliminated first.

Question 10

When should loglinear analysis be used?

Accepted Answer

A)  When there are two or more categorical variables. 
B)  When there are three or more categorical variables. 
C)  When there are four or more categorical variables. 
D)  When the data are not normally distributed. 
A)  When there are two or more categorical variables. 
B)  When there are three or more categorical variables. 
C)  When there are four or more categorical variables. 
D)  When the data are not normally distributed.

Question 11

Which of the following could be considered a categorical variable? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  The sex of each participant 
B)  The sport played by each participant 
C)  The intrinsic motivation score for each participant 
D)  The resting heart rate for each participant 
A)  The sex of each participant 
B)  The sport played by each participant 
C)  The intrinsic motivation score for each participant 
D)  The resting heart rate for each participant

Question 12

How would you report a chi-square result?

Accepted Answer

A)  χ2 (1) = 2.88, p = .09 
B)  p = .09 
C)  χ2 (1) = p = .09, = 2.88 
D)  χ2 = 2.88 
A)  χ2 (1) = 2.88, p = .09 
B)  p = .09 
C)  χ2 (1) = p = .09, = 2.88 
D)  χ2 = 2.88

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct calculation for the degrees of freedom (df) when using a 2 × 2 contingency table?

Accepted Answer

A)  (n - 1) × (n - 1) = 1 
B)  (n + 1) × (n + 1) = 9 
C)  (n - 1) + (n - 1) = 2 
D)  (n + 1) + (n + 1) = 6 
A)  (n - 1) × (n - 1) = 1 
B)  (n + 1) × (n + 1) = 9 
C)  (n - 1) + (n - 1) = 2 
D)  (n + 1) + (n + 1) = 6

Question 14

Which of the following is not a measure used to modify the chi-square test value?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phi 
B)  Contingency coefficient 
C)  Cramér's V 
D)  Hotelling's adjustment 
A)  Phi 
B)  Contingency coefficient 
C)  Cramér's V 
D)  Hotelling's adjustment

Question 15

What is the purpose of using Yates's continuity correction?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reduces the probability of Type I error. 
B)  It reduces the probability of Type II error. 
C)  It makes the test more liberal. 
D)  It corrects for error in large samples. 
A)  It reduces the probability of Type I error. 
B)  It reduces the probability of Type II error. 
C)  It makes the test more liberal. 
D)  It corrects for error in large samples.

Question 16

Before a chi-square test is performed, what should be inspected by the researcher?

Accepted Answer

A)  Contingency table to inspect the expected frequencies. 
B)  Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to evaluate whether the data are normally distributed. 
C)  Shapiro-Wilks test to evaluate whether the data are normally distributed. 
D)  A histogram or box-whisker plot to inspect the distribution of the data. 
A)  Contingency table to inspect the expected frequencies. 
B)  Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to evaluate whether the data are normally distributed. 
C)  Shapiro-Wilks test to evaluate whether the data are normally distributed. 
D)  A histogram or box-whisker plot to inspect the distribution of the data.

Question 17

Calculate the expected value for the athletes who were inspired.

Accepted Answer

A)  142 
B)  146 
C)  150 
D)  138 
A)  142 
B)  146 
C)  150 
D)  138

Question 18

What is the purpose of a chi-square test?

Accepted Answer

A)  To measure the degree of association between categorical variables. 
B)  To distinguish the degree of separation between categorical variables. 
C)  To evaluate the degree of differentiation between continuous variables. 
D)  To quantify the degree of differentiation between categorical variables. 
A)  To measure the degree of association between categorical variables. 
B)  To distinguish the degree of separation between categorical variables. 
C)  To evaluate the degree of differentiation between continuous variables. 
D)  To quantify the degree of differentiation between categorical variables.

Question 19

How does Yates's continuity correction alter the chi-square equation?

Accepted Answer

A)  It deducts 0.5 from the observed minus expected result. 
B)  It adds 0.5 to the observed minus expected result. 
C)  It adds 1.5 to the observed minus expected result. 
D)  It deducts 1.5 from the observed minus expected result. 
A)  It deducts 0.5 from the observed minus expected result. 
B)  It adds 0.5 to the observed minus expected result. 
C)  It adds 1.5 to the observed minus expected result. 
D)  It deducts 1.5 from the observed minus expected result.

Question 20

Examine the results from the loglinear analysis. Which of the following interactions were significant? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Sex × activity × inspired 
B)  Sex × activity 
C)  Sex × inspired 
D)  Activity × inspired 
A)  Sex × activity × inspired 
B)  Sex × activity 
C)  Sex × inspired 
D)  Activity × inspired

Exam 19: Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis

Calculate the chi-square value for the below example.

Identify the critical value from a chi-square distribution table based on the df calculated above and a significance level of .05.

For a main effect or an interaction to be significant, what value should the z-score ideally exceed?

If a significant result is obtained, how might you interpret the findings more thoroughly?

Based on the chi-square value calculated and the critical value identified above, what can be deduced from the association between athletic status and whether the London Olympic Games inspired them to become more physically active?

If Yates's continuity correction is applied, how is the chi-square value calculated earlier altered?

When samples sizes are small, the significance from values from a chi-square distribution can become inaccurate. What test can be applied to reduce this effect?

What are the principal assumptions of analysing categorical data? (You may select more than one option.)

If a backward elimination in loglinear analysis was to be used, what would be the initial effect or interaction potentially eliminated?

When should loglinear analysis be used?

Which of the following could be considered a categorical variable? (You may select more than one option.)

How would you report a chi-square result?

Which of the following is the correct calculation for the degrees of freedom (df) when using a 2 × 2 contingency table?

Which of the following is not a measure used to modify the chi-square test value?

What is the purpose of using Yates's continuity correction?

Before a chi-square test is performed, what should be inspected by the researcher?

Calculate the expected value for the athletes who were inspired.

What is the purpose of a chi-square test?

How does Yates's continuity correction alter the chi-square equation?

Examine the results from the loglinear analysis. Which of the following interactions were significant? (You may select more than one option.)

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Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors

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Multivariate Analysis of Variance Manova

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression

Multilevel Linear Models

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