Exam 2: The Spine of Statistics

If you were researching a medical procedure that could potentially diagnose pancreatic cancer earlier than the procedures we have at the moment, what type of error might you consider protecting against?

Which of the following best reflects the study statistical model (Q2)?

If a six-week training intervention (equal to 70% VO₂ max) was to be administered to a group of sedentary individuals and individuals who train regularly, which group would be more likely to have a greater effect size?

What effect would increasing the sample size have on the confidence intervals of the group?

If the significance level is set at .05, which of the following best reflects the probability of a chance finding?

If a researcher was interested in the average VO₂ max of athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes, which of the following would be the most appropriate for a sample group?

Which of the following is not a measure of effect size?

95% of data under a normal distribution curve fall between which z-scores?

Which of the following descriptions best describes a population?

Suppose the same test was conducted but the statistical significance value was determined at p = .08. Which of the following descriptions best describes its meaning?

To improve the aerobic capacity (VO₂ max) of a group of athletes, a six-week training intervention was administered. Examine the confidence intervals shown below, and choose the statement that best reflects the outcome.

What does the standard error of the mean represent?

Theoretically, suppose we knew the average VO₂ max value of every runner who has run 1500 m in under 4 minutes ml/kg/min). The reality is that we will never know, but if we were to sample a series of runners who had run 1500 m in under 4 minutes (see below) which samples would have 95% confidence intervals that do not contain the true value?

If a researcher sets a level of significance at .05 (i.e. 5%), what does this mean?

What is a typical effect size for the majority of sport and exercise based studies?

Based on the answer provided in Q16 and given that a confidence level of 95% is set for each test, what would be the revised level of confidence (i.e. probability of no Type I errors?)

Suppose a researcher wanted to examine the different levels of intrinsic motivation in four groups of students (each group representing a different course) on the issue of gaining work or vocational experience whilst studying for a degree. How many paired tests would need to be conducted to compare the differences between the four groups?

To help reduce the effects of hypertension (high blood pressure), researchers were interested in the effects of an acute 30 min bout of exercise over a two-week period. Resting blood pressure was measured before and after the two weeks of exercise and statistical significance was determined to be p = .001. Which of the following descriptions best describes its meaning?

A researcher interested in the effects of interval training on VO₂ max reported an increase following the intervention when in reality there was no improvement. What type of error has occurred?

If the confidence intervals of one sample fell within the range of a second sample, what would this suggest?