Question 1

What is the purpose of measuring a questionnaire's reliability?

Accepted Answer

A)  To examine the consistency of a measure. 
B)  To determine whether a test measures what it should be measuring. 
C)  To generalize the findings to a wider population. 
D)  To decide whether the test or questionnaire is robust enough to be applied to different populations. 
A)  To examine the consistency of a measure. 
B)  To determine whether a test measures what it should be measuring. 
C)  To generalize the findings to a wider population. 
D)  To decide whether the test or questionnaire is robust enough to be applied to different populations. A

Question 2

To proceed with the factor analysis, what is the minimum value required for the KMO statistic?

Accepted Answer

A)  .1 
B)  .2 
C)  .5 
D)  .9 
A)  .1 
B)  .2 
C)  .5 
D)  .9 C

Question 3

Rotation is used to discriminate between factors. Which of the following are methods of rotation? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Orthogonal rotation 
B)  Oblique rotation 
C)  Octagon rotation 
D)  Ornithological rotation 
A)  Orthogonal rotation 
B)  Oblique rotation 
C)  Octagon rotation 
D)  Ornithological rotation A,B

Question 4

Based on the earlier example of physical health, what is the minimum number of participants that should be recruited for this study when there are six variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  60-90 
B)  90-120 
C)  120-150 
D)  150-180 
A)  60-90 
B)  90-120 
C)  120-150 
D)  150-180

Question 5

Assume the six variables tended to cluster into two dimensions (i.e. two factors). The first dimension (aerobic) involved aerobic capacity, peak expiratory flow and haematocrit, whilst the second dimension (strength) involved static muscular strength, muscular endurance and isoinertial muscular strength. Ideally, how would we expect to see the relationships between the variables and the factors (coordinates) presented graphically on x- and y-axes?

Accepted Answer

A)  High on one axis (e.g. aerobic), low on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
B)  High on one axis (e.g. aerobic), high on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
C)  Low on one axis (e.g. aerobic), low on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
D)  Moderate on one axis (e.g. aerobic), low on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
A)  High on one axis (e.g. aerobic), low on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
B)  High on one axis (e.g. aerobic), high on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
C)  Low on one axis (e.g. aerobic), low on the other axis (e.g. strength) 
D)  Moderate on one axis (e.g. aerobic), low on the other axis (e.g. strength)

Question 6

Calculate the factor scores for aerobic (factor 1) and strength (factor 2) when using the following equation Aerobic = .78AeroCap + .88PEF + .81Hae + .01DynS - .12Endur + .09IsoS
Strength = .02AeroCap + .11PEF + .009Hae + .72DynoS + .79Endur + .88IsoS
Aerobic = 61; PEF = 480; Hae = 45; DynS = 150; Endur = 60; IsoS = 200

Accepted Answer

A)  Aerobic = 518.7; Strength = 385.8 
B)  Aerobic = 441.9; Strength = 783.8 
C)  Aerobic = 631.7; Strength = 112.4 
D)  Aerobic = 1005.1; Strength = 917.3 
A)  Aerobic = 518.7; Strength = 385.8 
B)  Aerobic = 441.9; Strength = 783.8 
C)  Aerobic = 631.7; Strength = 112.4 
D)  Aerobic = 1005.1; Strength = 917.3

Question 7

Which of the following adjustments are required when the regression technique is used to determine factor scores? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Bartlett method 
B)  Anderson-Rubin method 
C)  Hans-Blix method 
D)  Ebden Meyerhoff method 
A)  Bartlett method 
B)  Anderson-Rubin method 
C)  Hans-Blix method 
D)  Ebden Meyerhoff method

Question 8

Which academic discipline within sports science tends to use methods of dimension reduction the most to measure intangible phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychology 
B)  Physiology 
C)  Biomechanics 
D)  Nutrition 
A)  Psychology 
B)  Physiology 
C)  Biomechanics 
D)  Nutrition

Question 9

How would you differentiate between principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA)?

Accepted Answer

A)  PCA is concerned with explaining the maximum amount of total variance, whilst FA is concerned with covariance. 
B)  FA is concerned with explaining the maximum amount of total variance, whilst PCA is concerned with covariance. 
C)  PCA and FA are essentially the same thing, but PCA relates to psychology, whereas FA relates specifically to motor control. 
D)  PCA and FA are essentially the same thing, but FA relates to psychology, whereas PCA relates specifically to motor control. 
A)  PCA is concerned with explaining the maximum amount of total variance, whilst FA is concerned with covariance. 
B)  FA is concerned with explaining the maximum amount of total variance, whilst PCA is concerned with covariance. 
C)  PCA and FA are essentially the same thing, but PCA relates to psychology, whereas FA relates specifically to motor control. 
D)  PCA and FA are essentially the same thing, but FA relates to psychology, whereas PCA relates specifically to motor control.

Question 10

The fundamental aim of principal component analysis and factor analysis is to reduce the factors so that the model is simplified, but what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extraction 
B)  Interaction 
C)  Separation 
D)  Integration 
A)  Extraction 
B)  Interaction 
C)  Separation 
D)  Integration

Question 11

What is meant by the term 'latent variable'?

Accepted Answer

A)  A variable that cannot be measured directly 
B)  A variable that acts as a 'master' predictor variable 
C)  A variable that is used to predict multiple outcome (i.e. dependent) variables 
D)  A variable that is not correlated with any other variables of interest 
A)  A variable that cannot be measured directly 
B)  A variable that acts as a 'master' predictor variable 
C)  A variable that is used to predict multiple outcome (i.e. dependent) variables 
D)  A variable that is not correlated with any other variables of interest

Question 12

The fundamental calculations that underpin principal component analysis (correlation matrices) are similar to which other statistical functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  MANOVA and discriminant analysis 
B)  ANOVA and chi-square 
C)  ANOVA and logistic regression 
D)  MANOVA and multilevel analysis 
A)  MANOVA and discriminant analysis 
B)  ANOVA and chi-square 
C)  ANOVA and logistic regression 
D)  MANOVA and multilevel analysis

Question 13

Suppose you wished to determine physical health and you measure the following variables - isoinertial muscular strength, aerobic capacity, peak expiratory flow, static muscular strength, muscular endurance and haematocrit. Before conducting a principal component analysis or a factor analysis, what would you look to do first?

Accepted Answer

A)  Run paired samples t-tests between each variable. 
B)  Run a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA' between the variables. 
C)  Run a series of correlations (correlation matrix) between each variable. 
D)  Run a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test between each variable. 
A)  Run paired samples t-tests between each variable. 
B)  Run a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA' between the variables. 
C)  Run a series of correlations (correlation matrix) between each variable. 
D)  Run a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test between each variable.

Question 14

What are the purposes of using dimension reduction methods? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  To understand the structure of a set of variables (e.g. latent variables). 
B)  Questionnaire development. 
C)  Reducing a data set by identifying the most relevant variables. 
D)  Identifying where significant differences exist in different variables. 
A)  To understand the structure of a set of variables (e.g. latent variables). 
B)  Questionnaire development. 
C)  Reducing a data set by identifying the most relevant variables. 
D)  Identifying where significant differences exist in different variables.

Question 15

Likert scales are commonly used by psychologists to measure specific phenomena, but how would you classify this data scale? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Nominal 
B)  Ordinal 
C)  Interval 
D)  Ratio 
A)  Nominal 
B)  Ordinal 
C)  Interval 
D)  Ratio

Question 16

What is the most common measure of scale reliability?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cronbach's alpha 
B)  Pearson correlation 
C)  Spearman's beta 
D)  Kendall's sigma 
A)  Cronbach's alpha 
B)  Pearson correlation 
C)  Spearman's beta 
D)  Kendall's sigma

Question 17

Factors are retained in the model based on the size of which value?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eigenvalue 
B)  Discriminant value 
C)  Locus value 
D)  Entry value 
A)  Eigenvalue 
B)  Discriminant value 
C)  Locus value 
D)  Entry value

Question 18

What is generally regarded as an acceptable score for reliability?

Accepted Answer

A)  .7 to .8 
B)  .6 to .7 
C)  .5 to .6 
D)  .4 to .5 
A)  .7 to .8 
B)  .6 to .7 
C)  .5 to .6 
D)  .4 to .5

Question 19

Based on your answer to Q14, which factors will be retained?

Accepted Answer

A)  Factors with the largest values 
B)  Factors with the smallest values 
C)  Factors with intermediate values 
D)  The factor value is irrelevant 
A)  Factors with the largest values 
B)  Factors with the smallest values 
C)  Factors with intermediate values 
D)  The factor value is irrelevant

Question 20

In principal component analysis and factor analysis, how do the equations used to calculate factors differ from a conventional linear model (i.e. Y = b0 + bx + E)? (You may select more than one option.)

Accepted Answer

A)  No intercept (b0) 
B)  No gradient (b) 
C)  No error (
E)  
D)  The equations are exactly the same. 
A)  No intercept (b0) 
B)  No gradient (b) 
C)  No error (
E)  
D)  The equations are exactly the same.

What is the purpose of measuring a questionnaire's reliability?

To proceed with the factor analysis, what is the minimum value required for the KMO statistic?

Rotation is used to discriminate between factors. Which of the following are methods of rotation? (You may select more than one option.)

Based on the earlier example of physical health, what is the minimum number of participants that should be recruited for this study when there are six variables?

Which of the following adjustments are required when the regression technique is used to determine factor scores? (You may select more than one option.)

Which academic discipline within sports science tends to use methods of dimension reduction the most to measure intangible phenomena?

How would you differentiate between principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA)?

The fundamental aim of principal component analysis and factor analysis is to reduce the factors so that the model is simplified, but what is the process called?

What is meant by the term 'latent variable'?

The fundamental calculations that underpin principal component analysis (correlation matrices) are similar to which other statistical functions?

What are the purposes of using dimension reduction methods? (You may select more than one option.)

Likert scales are commonly used by psychologists to measure specific phenomena, but how would you classify this data scale? (You may select more than one option.)

What is the most common measure of scale reliability?

Factors are retained in the model based on the size of which value?

What is generally regarded as an acceptable score for reliability?

Based on your answer to Q14, which factors will be retained?

In principal component analysis and factor analysis, how do the equations used to calculate factors differ from a conventional linear model (i.e. Y = b₀ + bx + E)? (You may select more than one option.)

Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics

The Spine of Statistics

The Phoenix of Statistics

The Ibm Spss Statistics Environment

Exploring Data With Graphs

The Beast of Bias

Non-Parametric Models

Correlation

The Linear Model Regression

Comparing Two Means

Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors

Glm 1: Comparing Several Independent Means

Glm 2: Comparing Means Adjusted for Other Predictors Analysis of Covariance

Glm 3: Factorial Designs

Glm 4: Repeated-Measures Designs

Glm 5: Mixed Designs

Multivariate Analysis of Variance Manova

Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression

Multilevel Linear Models

Filters

Exam 18: Exploratory Factor Analysis

What is the purpose of measuring a questionnaire's reliability?

To proceed with the factor analysis, what is the minimum value required for the KMO statistic?

Rotation is used to discriminate between factors. Which of the following are methods of rotation? (You may select more than one option.)

Based on the earlier example of physical health, what is the minimum number of participants that should be recruited for this study when there are six variables?

Which of the following adjustments are required when the regression technique is used to determine factor scores? (You may select more than one option.)

Which academic discipline within sports science tends to use methods of dimension reduction the most to measure intangible phenomena?

How would you differentiate between principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA)?

The fundamental aim of principal component analysis and factor analysis is to reduce the factors so that the model is simplified, but what is the process called?

What is meant by the term 'latent variable'?

The fundamental calculations that underpin principal component analysis (correlation matrices) are similar to which other statistical functions?

What are the purposes of using dimension reduction methods? (You may select more than one option.)

Likert scales are commonly used by psychologists to measure specific phenomena, but how would you classify this data scale? (You may select more than one option.)

What is the most common measure of scale reliability?

Factors are retained in the model based on the size of which value?

What is generally regarded as an acceptable score for reliability?

Based on your answer to Q14, which factors will be retained?

In principal component analysis and factor analysis, how do the equations used to calculate factors differ from a conventional linear model (i.e. Y = b0 + bx + E)? (You may select more than one option.)

Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics

The Spine of Statistics

The Phoenix of Statistics

The Ibm Spss Statistics Environment

Exploring Data With Graphs

The Beast of Bias

Non-Parametric Models

Correlation

The Linear Model Regression

Comparing Two Means

Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors

Glm 1: Comparing Several Independent Means

Glm 2: Comparing Means Adjusted for Other Predictors Analysis of Covariance

Glm 3: Factorial Designs

Glm 4: Repeated-Measures Designs

Glm 5: Mixed Designs

Multivariate Analysis of Variance Manova

Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis

Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression

Multilevel Linear Models

Filters

In principal component analysis and factor analysis, how do the equations used to calculate factors differ from a conventional linear model (i.e. Y = b₀ + bx + E)? (You may select more than one option.)