Question 1

A strong attachment of a microorganism to a host cell automatically leads to disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

The chemical nature of endotoxins is that of a

Accepted Answer

A) protein. 
B) nucleic acid. 
C) lipid. 
D) lipopolysaccharide. 
A) protein. 
B) nucleic acid. 
C) lipid. 
D) lipopolysaccharide. D

Question 3

Adhesins are

Accepted Answer

A) involved in the first step of the infectious process. 
B) often found at the tip of pili. 
C) found in flagella. 
D) endotoxins. 
E) involved in the first step of the infectious process AND often found at the tip of pili. 
A) involved in the first step of the infectious process. 
B) often found at the tip of pili. 
C) found in flagella. 
D) endotoxins. 
E) involved in the first step of the infectious process AND often found at the tip of pili. E

Question 4

Infection always leads to disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Disease(s) in which the causative agent becomes latent is/are

Accepted Answer

A) cold sores. 
B) genital herpes. 
C) typhus. 
D) shingles. 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) cold sores. 
B) genital herpes. 
C) typhus. 
D) shingles. 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following may be considered virulence factor(s)?

Accepted Answer

A) adhesins 
B) capsules 
C) endotoxins 
D) proteases 
E) All of the choices are correct. 
A) adhesins 
B) capsules 
C) endotoxins 
D) proteases 
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

A disease is an infection that impairs the normal state of health.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever, headache, fatigue, runny nose). Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Accepted Answer

A) They all possess the same basic virulence genes and molecules, so they all trigger the same responses. 
B) The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response, NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves.Our responses against viruses are fairly similar, regardless of virus type, so the symptoms are similar. 
C) Most viruses infect the upper respiratory tract-this leads to the common set of symptoms listed above.Only a few viruses infect areas away from this region. 
D) Viruses specifically infect mainly epithelial membranes.As such, the virally-induced reaction is similar in different areas of the body due to the same basic cell types (epithelial cells) being infected in each area. 
A) They all possess the same basic virulence genes and molecules, so they all trigger the same responses. 
B) The symptoms are associated with the immune system's response, NOT the molecules from the pathogens themselves.Our responses against viruses are fairly similar, regardless of virus type, so the symptoms are similar. 
C) Most viruses infect the upper respiratory tract-this leads to the common set of symptoms listed above.Only a few viruses infect areas away from this region. 
D) Viruses specifically infect mainly epithelial membranes.As such, the virally-induced reaction is similar in different areas of the body due to the same basic cell types (epithelial cells) being infected in each area.

Question 9

Which of the following members of the normal flora inhibit the growth of Candida albicans?

Accepted Answer

A) E.coli. 
B) Lactobacillus species. 
C) Staphylococci species. 
D) Propionibacterium species. 
A) E.coli. 
B) Lactobacillus species. 
C) Staphylococci species. 
D) Propionibacterium species.

Question 10

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) dialogue. 
B) chat room. 
C) ecosystem. 
D) relationship. 
A) dialogue. 
B) chat room. 
C) ecosystem. 
D) relationship.

Question 11

Which of the following is true about the role normal flora plays in maintaining host health?

Accepted Answer

A) They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. 
B) They establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. 
C) They produce antimicrobial substances. 
D) They stimulate the immune system. 
E) All of the choices are true. 
A) They provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invader. 
B) They establish competition for nutrients and vitamins. 
C) They produce antimicrobial substances. 
D) They stimulate the immune system. 
E) All of the choices are true.

Question 12

A relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed is termed

Accepted Answer

A) commensalism. 
B) parasitism. 
C) independence. 
D) mutualism. 
A) commensalism. 
B) parasitism. 
C) independence. 
D) mutualism.

Question 13

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called

Accepted Answer

A) abnormal flora. 
B) transient flora. 
C) variant flora. 
D) normal flora. 
A) abnormal flora. 
B) transient flora. 
C) variant flora. 
D) normal flora.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why diseases caused by opportunists are becoming more frequent in the US population?

Accepted Answer

A) HIV individuals (with impaired immune systems) survive longer due to more effective therapies-but this allows them a longer period of time to be infected by opportunists. 
B) Individuals in the US are living longer than ever before-but they're living with a number of chronic health issues that can impair the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections. 
C) Cancer treatments have improved significantly in the last 30 years-but they often suppress the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections in such individuals. 
D) Travel into and out of the United States has increased significantly.This has the potential to bring in many new pathogens that can cause new infections, even in otherwise healthy and immunocompetent individuals. 
A) HIV individuals (with impaired immune systems) survive longer due to more effective therapies-but this allows them a longer period of time to be infected by opportunists. 
B) Individuals in the US are living longer than ever before-but they're living with a number of chronic health issues that can impair the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections. 
C) Cancer treatments have improved significantly in the last 30 years-but they often suppress the immune system.This leads to a greater likelihood of opportunistic infections in such individuals. 
D) Travel into and out of the United States has increased significantly.This has the potential to bring in many new pathogens that can cause new infections, even in otherwise healthy and immunocompetent individuals.

Question 15

The "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that

Accepted Answer

A) lack of exposure to microbes can promote development of allergies. 
B) cleanliness truly is next to godliness. 
C) hand washing is the best preventative measure against infection. 
D) the immune system develops best in a clean environment. 
A) lack of exposure to microbes can promote development of allergies. 
B) cleanliness truly is next to godliness. 
C) hand washing is the best preventative measure against infection. 
D) the immune system develops best in a clean environment.

Question 16

The process by which infectious agents are ingested by host cells is termed

Accepted Answer

A) exocytosis. 
B) pinocytosis. 
C) endocytosis. 
D) phagosome fusion. 
A) exocytosis. 
B) pinocytosis. 
C) endocytosis. 
D) phagosome fusion.

Question 17

During incubation and convalescence a person may still spread infectious organisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The resident microbial population of the human fetus is

Accepted Answer

A) zero. 
B) sparse. 
C) complex. 
D) symbiotic. 
A) zero. 
B) sparse. 
C) complex. 
D) symbiotic.

Question 19

Which of the following factors is not considered important for the establishment of an infection?

Accepted Answer

A) adherence 
B) dose 
C) toxicity 
D) virulence factors 
A) adherence 
B) dose 
C) toxicity 
D) virulence factors

Question 20

In two of Koch's postulates (#2 and #3), a pure culture of the organism is required. Which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence of using a contaminated culture?

Accepted Answer

A) You can't necessarily attribute the illness directly to the microbe in question-it may in fact be caused by the contaminating microbe. 
B) There's the possibility that the test animal might be acutely susceptible to the contaminating microbe, but completely resistant to the microbe you suspect causes the illness of interest.As such, when you introduce it into the test animal, it could confuse your final results. 
C) The problem is that one microbe may be toxic to the other.It may have killed all of your suspect microbe in the culture.Therefore, you can't be sure that you're infecting your test animals with the microbe you suspect is causing the illness, or if it's only the 2nd (contaminating) microbe. 
D) Even though there's a contaminating microbe present, so long as the original suspect microbe is also present, the disease should still manifest in test animals.It should also still be recoverable from test animals following infection.As such, there's really no consequence to using a contaminated culture. 
A) You can't necessarily attribute the illness directly to the microbe in question-it may in fact be caused by the contaminating microbe. 
B) There's the possibility that the test animal might be acutely susceptible to the contaminating microbe, but completely resistant to the microbe you suspect causes the illness of interest.As such, when you introduce it into the test animal, it could confuse your final results. 
C) The problem is that one microbe may be toxic to the other.It may have killed all of your suspect microbe in the culture.Therefore, you can't be sure that you're infecting your test animals with the microbe you suspect is causing the illness, or if it's only the 2nd (contaminating) microbe. 
D) Even though there's a contaminating microbe present, so long as the original suspect microbe is also present, the disease should still manifest in test animals.It should also still be recoverable from test animals following infection.As such, there's really no consequence to using a contaminated culture.

Exam 16: Host-Microbe Interactions

A strong attachment of a microorganism to a host cell automatically leads to disease.

The chemical nature of endotoxins is that of a

Adhesins are

Infection always leads to disease.

Disease(s) in which the causative agent becomes latent is/are

Which of the following may be considered virulence factor(s)?

A disease is an infection that impairs the normal state of health.

A number of viruses often include a similar set of symptoms when they cause an infectious disease state (fever, headache, fatigue, runny nose). Why would they all cause the same symptoms if they're different viruses?

Which of the following members of the normal flora inhibit the growth of Candida albicans?

The interaction of all organisms within a biological community is called a(n)

Which of the following is true about the role normal flora plays in maintaining host health?

A relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed is termed

The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called

Which of the following is NOT a likely reason why diseases caused by opportunists are becoming more frequent in the US population?

The "hygiene hypothesis" proposes that

The process by which infectious agents are ingested by host cells is termed

During incubation and convalescence a person may still spread infectious organisms.

The resident microbial population of the human fetus is

Which of the following factors is not considered important for the establishment of an infection?

In two of Koch's postulates (#2 and #3), a pure culture of the organism is required. Which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence of using a contaminated culture?

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant Dna

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Immunologic Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Infections

Nervous System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Hiv Disease and Complications of Immunodeficiency

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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