Question 1

Bacillus and Clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Endospores are involved in bacterial reproduction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

The Gram stain and the endospore stain both use

Accepted Answer

A) basic dyes. 
B) acidic dyes. 
C) safranin. 
D) methylene blue. 
E) basic dyes AND safranin. 
A) basic dyes. 
B) acidic dyes. 
C) safranin. 
D) methylene blue. 
E) basic dyes AND safranin.

Question 5

The nucleus

Accepted Answer

A) is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes. 
B) is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA. 
C) is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus. 
D) cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier. 
A) is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes. 
B) is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA. 
C) is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus. 
D) cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier.

Question 6

The resolving power of a microscope is described as the ability of the microscope to

Accepted Answer

A) separate clearly two objects that are very close together. 
B) magnify an object. 
C) separate the colors of an organism's internal structure. 
D) see structures at various depths in a tissue. 
A) separate clearly two objects that are very close together. 
B) magnify an object. 
C) separate the colors of an organism's internal structure. 
D) see structures at various depths in a tissue.

Question 7

A newly developed antibiotic drug shows promise by inhibiting prokaryotic 70S ribosomes in initial studies. However, when animal studies are begun, it's noted that it also inhibits growth of animal cells. Aren't prokaryotic ribosomes different from eukaryotic ribosomes? How can this be happening?

Accepted Answer

A) Perhaps the ribosomes aren't as different as we thought, so a drug can affect and impair both of them. 
B) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are, indeed, produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of chloroplasts in animal cells. 
C) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are, indeed, produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of mitochondria in animal cells. 
D) Perhaps the scientists accidently combined their cultures of animal and bacterial cells-this might indicate an impairment in growth in the culture.In reality, it's still just impairing the bacterial cells. 
A) Perhaps the ribosomes aren't as different as we thought, so a drug can affect and impair both of them. 
B) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are, indeed, produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of chloroplasts in animal cells. 
C) While the proteins made in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells are, indeed, produced from the 80S eukaryotic ribosome, mitochondria and chloroplasts possess 70S ribosomes.This drug might be impairing the activity of mitochondria in animal cells. 
D) Perhaps the scientists accidently combined their cultures of animal and bacterial cells-this might indicate an impairment in growth in the culture.In reality, it's still just impairing the bacterial cells.

Question 8

Another new drug is developed-this one inhibits formation of the flagellar filament by impairing production of the protein flagellin. Is this going to be a good drug?

Accepted Answer

A) Potentially-it would definitely only impair bacteria, but wouldn't matter for the ones that don't use a flagellum to move around. 
B) Potentially-if it could be shown that it also didn't impair the production of the eukaryotic flagellum. 
C) No-our eukaryotic cells depend on flagella to move around in our body, and this would impair that function. 
D) No-bacterial flagella are produced using microtubules, not the protein flagellin.This drug would be useless in eliminating bacteria. 
A) Potentially-it would definitely only impair bacteria, but wouldn't matter for the ones that don't use a flagellum to move around. 
B) Potentially-if it could be shown that it also didn't impair the production of the eukaryotic flagellum. 
C) No-our eukaryotic cells depend on flagella to move around in our body, and this would impair that function. 
D) No-bacterial flagella are produced using microtubules, not the protein flagellin.This drug would be useless in eliminating bacteria.

Question 9

Endotoxin

Accepted Answer

A) consists of LPS. 
B) determines bacterial shape. 
C) may have different effects depending on the specific bacterial source. 
D) is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains. 
E) determines bacterial shape, may have different effects depending on the specific bacterial source AND is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains. 
A) consists of LPS. 
B) determines bacterial shape. 
C) may have different effects depending on the specific bacterial source. 
D) is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains. 
E) determines bacterial shape, may have different effects depending on the specific bacterial source AND is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains.

Question 10

Phagocytosis

Accepted Answer

A) is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal cells. 
B) is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria. 
C) is the secretion of proteins. 
D) is the formation of a lysosome. 
E) is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria AND is the formation of a lysosome. 
A) is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal cells. 
B) is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria. 
C) is the secretion of proteins. 
D) is the formation of a lysosome. 
E) is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria AND is the formation of a lysosome.

Question 11

An electron microscope must use electromagnet 'lenses' shaped like donuts to direct the electrons onto the specimen. Why aren't they solid, like the lenses in a light microscope?

Accepted Answer

A) A magnetic field cannot be applied across a completely solid object-there must be an opening within the object for the field to be applied through. 
B) The user has to be able to physically look through the magnets to focus the beam of electrons onto the specimen, since the metal of the magnets is opaque.Without a hole in the middle, the user wouldn't be able to see! 
C) The electrons would destroy the electromagnet material unless there was a physical hole for them to travel through on their way to the specimen. 
D) Electrons are particles, and particles cannot travel through a solid item.The hole in the middle allows them to travel from the source of the electrons to the specimen. 
A) A magnetic field cannot be applied across a completely solid object-there must be an opening within the object for the field to be applied through. 
B) The user has to be able to physically look through the magnets to focus the beam of electrons onto the specimen, since the metal of the magnets is opaque.Without a hole in the middle, the user wouldn't be able to see! 
C) The electrons would destroy the electromagnet material unless there was a physical hole for them to travel through on their way to the specimen. 
D) Electrons are particles, and particles cannot travel through a solid item.The hole in the middle allows them to travel from the source of the electrons to the specimen.

Question 12

The structures used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are

Accepted Answer

A) cilia. 
B) flagella. 
C) pili. 
D) fimbriae. 
A) cilia. 
B) flagella. 
C) pili. 
D) fimbriae.

Question 13

The acid-fast stain

Accepted Answer

A) reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure. 
B) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium. 
C) uses crystal violet and safranin. 
D) uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
E) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
A) reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure. 
B) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium. 
C) uses crystal violet and safranin. 
D) uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue. 
E) is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue.

Question 14

Extrachromasomal DNA is found in ____________________________.

Accepted Answer

A) mitochondria 
B) plasmids 
C) nucleoid 
D) nucleoli 
E) mitochondria AND plasmids 
A) mitochondria 
B) plasmids 
C) nucleoid 
D) nucleoli 
E) mitochondria AND plasmids

Question 15

Endospores are

Accepted Answer

A) a dormant cell type. 
B) a form of reproduction. 
C) an obligate intracellular parasite. 
D) sensitive to damaging environmental conditions. 
A) a dormant cell type. 
B) a form of reproduction. 
C) an obligate intracellular parasite. 
D) sensitive to damaging environmental conditions.

Question 16

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have once been free living bacteria that invaded another cell.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In a basic staining procedure, which is the correct order?

Accepted Answer

A) fix, smear, stain 
B) smear, fix, stain 
C) fix, stain, decolorize 
D) smear, decolorize, stain 
A) fix, smear, stain 
B) smear, fix, stain 
C) fix, stain, decolorize 
D) smear, decolorize, stain

Question 18

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

Accepted Answer

A) phase contrast microscope. 
B) scanning electron microscope. 
C) dark-field microscope. 
D) atomic force microscope. 
A) phase contrast microscope. 
B) scanning electron microscope. 
C) dark-field microscope. 
D) atomic force microscope.

Question 19

An electron microscope must place the specimen in a vacuum within a sealed chamber. Why?

Accepted Answer

A) Electrons are particles-there are also particles in air.Without a vacuum, the electrons would strike and be scattered by the atoms/particles within the air. 
B) Because electrons are highly radioactive, and the chamber must be completely sealed to prevent them from escaping and contaminating the lab area. 
C) This is the method for fixing the specimen to the slide grid for an electron microscope.Without fixing the specimen by vacuum, it would slide off and we wouldn't be able to visualize it. 
D) All of the above are true. 
A) Electrons are particles-there are also particles in air.Without a vacuum, the electrons would strike and be scattered by the atoms/particles within the air. 
B) Because electrons are highly radioactive, and the chamber must be completely sealed to prevent them from escaping and contaminating the lab area. 
C) This is the method for fixing the specimen to the slide grid for an electron microscope.Without fixing the specimen by vacuum, it would slide off and we wouldn't be able to visualize it. 
D) All of the above are true.

Question 20

Which is not true of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

A) They are found in all organisms. 
B) They contain DNA and 70S ribosomes. 
C) They are capable of performing protein synthesis. 
D) They generate ATP. 
A) They are found in all organisms. 
B) They contain DNA and 70S ribosomes. 
C) They are capable of performing protein synthesis. 
D) They generate ATP.

Exam 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure

Bacillus and Clostridium are medically relevant groups of bacteria that characteristically stain acid-fast.

Endospores are involved in bacterial reproduction.

LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.

The Gram stain and the endospore stain both use

The nucleus

The resolving power of a microscope is described as the ability of the microscope to

A newly developed antibiotic drug shows promise by inhibiting prokaryotic 70S ribosomes in initial studies. However, when animal studies are begun, it's noted that it also inhibits growth of animal cells. Aren't prokaryotic ribosomes different from eukaryotic ribosomes? How can this be happening?

Another new drug is developed-this one inhibits formation of the flagellar filament by impairing production of the protein flagellin. Is this going to be a good drug?

Endotoxin

Phagocytosis

An electron microscope must use electromagnet 'lenses' shaped like donuts to direct the electrons onto the specimen. Why aren't they solid, like the lenses in a light microscope?

The structures used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are

The acid-fast stain

Extrachromasomal DNA is found in ____________________________.

Endospores are

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have once been free living bacteria that invaded another cell.

In a basic staining procedure, which is the correct order?

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

An electron microscope must place the specimen in a vacuum within a sealed chamber. Why?

Which is not true of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Dynamics of Prokaryotic Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology and Recombinant Dna

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes

The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunologic Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Genitourinary Infections

Nervous System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Hiv Disease and Complications of Immunodeficiency

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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