Question 1

Why does neurogenic (vasogenic) shock result from systemic vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased peripheral resistance and less blood in the microcirculation 
B)  increased permeability of all the blood vessels leading to hypovolemia 
C)  slower,less forceful cardiac contractions 
D)  increased capacity of the vascular system and reduced venous return 
A)  increased peripheral resistance and less blood in the microcirculation 
B)  increased permeability of all the blood vessels leading to hypovolemia 
C)  slower,less forceful cardiac contractions 
D)  increased capacity of the vascular system and reduced venous return D

Question 2

What does the term preload refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  volume of venous return 
B)  peripheral resistance 
C)  stroke volume 
D)  cardiac output 
A)  volume of venous return 
B)  peripheral resistance 
C)  stroke volume 
D)  cardiac output A

Question 3

Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  incompetent tricuspid heart valve 
B)  chronic pulmonary disease 
C)  infarction in the right atrium 
D)  uncontrolled essential hypertension 
A)  incompetent tricuspid heart valve 
B)  chronic pulmonary disease 
C)  infarction in the right atrium 
D)  uncontrolled essential hypertension D

Question 4

A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:

Accepted Answer

A)  venous return is increased. 
B)  ventricular fibrillation develops immediately. 
C)  conduction through the AV node is impaired. 
D)  ventricular filling is reduced. 
A)  venous return is increased. 
B)  ventricular fibrillation develops immediately. 
C)  conduction through the AV node is impaired. 
D)  ventricular filling is reduced.

Question 5

The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  previously established collateral circulation 
B)  immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs 
C)  maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium 
D)  removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development 
A)  previously established collateral circulation 
B)  immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs 
C)  maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium 
D)  removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development

Question 6

What is considered to be the basic pathophysiologic change in essential hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A)  development of lipid plaques in large arteries 
B)  recurrent inflammation and fibrosis in peripheral arteries 
C)  degeneration and loss of elasticity in arteries 
D)  increased systemic vasoconstriction 
A)  development of lipid plaques in large arteries 
B)  recurrent inflammation and fibrosis in peripheral arteries 
C)  degeneration and loss of elasticity in arteries 
D)  increased systemic vasoconstriction

Question 7

Phlebothrombosis is more likely to cause pulmonary emboli than is thrombophlebitis because:

Accepted Answer

A)  platelets attach to the inflamed wall 
B)  thrombus forms in a vein and is asymptomatic 
C)  leg cramps require massage 
D)  systemic signs of inflammation require treatment 
A)  platelets attach to the inflamed wall 
B)  thrombus forms in a vein and is asymptomatic 
C)  leg cramps require massage 
D)  systemic signs of inflammation require treatment

Question 8

Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  warfarin (Coumadin) 
B)  digoxin (Lanoxin) 
C)  nitroglycerin (Isordil) 
D)  hydrochlorothiazide (Hydro DIURIL) 
A)  warfarin (Coumadin) 
B)  digoxin (Lanoxin) 
C)  nitroglycerin (Isordil) 
D)  hydrochlorothiazide (Hydro DIURIL)

Question 9

How does rheumatic heart disease usually manifest in later years?

Accepted Answer

A)  swollen heart valves and fever 
B)  cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs 
C)  thrombus formation and septic emboli 
D)  petechial hemorrhages of the skin and mucosa 
A)  swollen heart valves and fever 
B)  cardiac arrhythmias and heart murmurs 
C)  thrombus formation and septic emboli 
D)  petechial hemorrhages of the skin and mucosa

Question 10

What does the term intermittent claudication refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves 
B)  chest pain related to ischemia 
C)  ischemic muscle pain in the legs,particularly with exercise 
D)  dry,cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers 
A)  sensory deficit in the legs due to damage to nerves 
B)  chest pain related to ischemia 
C)  ischemic muscle pain in the legs,particularly with exercise 
D)  dry,cyanotic skin with superficial ulcers

Question 11

Which of the following describes the blood flow occurring with a ventricular septal defect?

Accepted Answer

A)  from the left ventricle to the right ventricle 
B)  from the right ventricle to the left ventricle 
C)  increased cardiac output from the left ventricle 
D)  mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation 
A)  from the left ventricle to the right ventricle 
B)  from the right ventricle to the left ventricle 
C)  increased cardiac output from the left ventricle 
D)  mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation

Question 12

An echocardiogram is used to demonstrate any abnormal:

Accepted Answer

A)  activity in the conduction system 
B)  movement of the heart valves 
C)  change in central venous pressure 
D)  blood flow in coronary arteries 
A)  activity in the conduction system 
B)  movement of the heart valves 
C)  change in central venous pressure 
D)  blood flow in coronary arteries

Question 13

Which of the following represent(s)the pathophysiologic changes in the heart in cases of rheumatic fever?

Accepted Answer

A)  infection in the heart by hemolytic streptococci 
B)  highly virulent microbes causing vegetations on the heart valves 
C)  septic emboli obstructing coronary arteries 
D)  an abnormal immune response,causing acute inflammation in all layers of the heart 
A)  infection in the heart by hemolytic streptococci 
B)  highly virulent microbes causing vegetations on the heart valves 
C)  septic emboli obstructing coronary arteries 
D)  an abnormal immune response,causing acute inflammation in all layers of the heart

Question 14

What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  pulmonary embolus 
B)  hypertension 
C)  angina attacks 
D)  myocardial infarction 
A)  pulmonary embolus 
B)  hypertension 
C)  angina attacks 
D)  myocardial infarction

Question 15

Varicose ulcers may develop and be slow to heal because:

Accepted Answer

A)  leg muscles are painful,restricting movement 
B)  edema reduces arterial blood supply to the area 
C)  emboli form in damaged veins leading to local ischemia 
D)  valves in veins restrict blood flow 
A)  leg muscles are painful,restricting movement 
B)  edema reduces arterial blood supply to the area 
C)  emboli form in damaged veins leading to local ischemia 
D)  valves in veins restrict blood flow

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body. 
B)  Temporary vasospasm occurs in a coronary artery. 
C)  Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis. 
D)  Heart rate and force is irregular,reducing blood supply to coronary arteries. 
A)  Cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body. 
B)  Temporary vasospasm occurs in a coronary artery. 
C)  Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis. 
D)  Heart rate and force is irregular,reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.

Question 17

Which of the following results from increased secretion of epinephrine?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased heart rate and force of contraction 
B)  decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles 
C)  vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and kidneys 
D)  vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels 
A)  increased heart rate and force of contraction 
B)  decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles 
C)  vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and kidneys 
D)  vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Question 18

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):

Accepted Answer

A)  promote atheroma development 
B)  contain only small amounts of cholesterol 
C)  transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion 
D)  are associated with low intake of saturated fats 
A)  promote atheroma development 
B)  contain only small amounts of cholesterol 
C)  transport cholesterol from cells to the liver for excretion 
D)  are associated with low intake of saturated fats

Question 19

What does the term PVC mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. 
B)  The ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. 
C)  Additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. 
D)  Increased heart rate causes palpitations. 
A)  Atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. 
B)  The ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. 
C)  Additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. 
D)  Increased heart rate causes palpitations.

Question 20

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI),which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis. 
B)  Angina often occurs at rest;MI occurs during a stressful time. 
C)  Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI. 
D)  Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin;the pain of MI is not. 
A)  Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis. 
B)  Angina often occurs at rest;MI occurs during a stressful time. 
C)  Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI. 
D)  Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin;the pain of MI is not.

Exam 18: Cardiovascular Disorders

Why does neurogenic (vasogenic) shock result from systemic vasodilation?

What does the term preload refer to?

Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure?

A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:

The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of the following EXCEPT:

What is considered to be the basic pathophysiologic change in essential hypertension?

Phlebothrombosis is more likely to cause pulmonary emboli than is thrombophlebitis because:

Which of the following drugs decrease sodium and fluid retention in the body?

How does rheumatic heart disease usually manifest in later years?

What does the term intermittent claudication refer to?

Which of the following describes the blood flow occurring with a ventricular septal defect?

An echocardiogram is used to demonstrate any abnormal:

Which of the following represent(s)the pathophysiologic changes in the heart in cases of rheumatic fever?

What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause?

Varicose ulcers may develop and be slow to heal because:

Which of the following best describes the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction?

Which of the following results from increased secretion of epinephrine?

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):

What does the term PVC mean?

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI),which statement is true?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Inflammation and Healing

Immunity and Abnormal Responses

Infection

Neoplasms

Fluid,electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Diseases Associated With Adolescence

Potential Complications of Pregnancy

Aging and Disease Processes

Effects of Immobility

The Influence of Stress

Pain

Substance Abuse

Environmental Hazards

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies

Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Acute Neurological Disorders

Chronic Neurologic Disorders

Disorders of the Eye and Ear

Endocrine Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Skin Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

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