Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In classical conditioning,the key factor is not how often the conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus,but how well the conditioned stimulus predicts the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus.This is referred to as:

Other stimuli can become secondary reinforcers by being associated with:

What are the four types of partial reinforcement schedules? Give an example of each.

When ranchers lace sheep meet with a nausea-inducing drug in hopes that wolves will avoid killing and eating sheep in the future,they are using the principles of operant conditioning to capitalize on learned _________________.

Escape and avoidance learning are thought to achieve their impacts on learning primarily through the process of negative reinforcement.

conducted experiments with an 11-month-old baby named Albert to demonstrate how:

Billy is offered five M&Ms and is told that if he can wait and not eat these M&Ms for ten minutes,he can have 15 M&Ms.Unfortunately,after waiting for only a couple of minutes,the M&Ms start to look too delicious,so Billy goes ahead and eats them.Based on this example,psychologists would most likely say that Billy has yet to learn:

Pairing the smell of food with a toxin can produce conditioned taste aversions.This is an illustration of the concept of:

The notion of tabula rasa,or blank tablet upon which learning experiences were ascribed,is most closely associated with which of the following schools of psychology?

The results from Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiment demonstrated the importance of the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers.

Research studies suggesting that animals use "insight" and have "cognitive maps" provide a strong challenge to psychologists who take a cognitive perspective on learning.

The behavioural approach explains learning in terms of both directly observable events and mental events.

Albert Bandura's modelling experiment with the "Bobo doll" demonstrated the important difference between:

Which of the following has the highest adaptive significance for humans in terms of its ability to save time and effort and to reduce exposure to potentially dangerous trial-and-error processes?

According to this perspective of operant conditioning,the best predictor of behaviour is the perceived contingency between a behaviour and its consequences.This is the ___________ perspective of operant conditioning.

Operant extinction refers to the process in which a behaviour is:

The process of species adaptation refers to how:

Edward Tolman's research demonstrating that rats in a maze appeared to develop cognitive maps of the maze without receiving any reinforcement provided evidence most supportive of the concept of:

Chris is a university student that has a summer job where she works 40 hours a week making a particular kind of hockey stick.She usually can make 100 hockey sticks in two weeks.Her employer gave her the option of being paid $400 every two weeks for the 80 hours she worked,or being paid $400 for every 100 hockey sticks she made.Chris's pay options correspond to:

The expectancy model was discussed in the context of classical conditioning and it asserted that the key factor in learning is how well the ___________.