Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Seven-year old Pat does not like to eat broccoli and does not like to clean his room.Pat's mother tells him that if he eats all his broccoli at dinner tonight then he will not have to clean his room tonight.In her effort to have Pat eat broccoli,Pat's mother is attempting to apply the process of:

Ahmen adopts a dog from the local animal shelter.When Ahmen's mother comes home that day,she runs to the dog to pet her,but the dog cowers and puts her tail between her legs.The dog continues to exhibit this response whenever Ahmen's mother approaches her.Eventually,after several weeks,the dog cowers less until finally,Ahmen's mother is able to pet the dog.What the dog has learned is that Ahmen's mother will not harm her; therefore,her response decreases with time.This is an example of:

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behaviour is called _________________.

A new skier who first watches and then copies his experienced friends is most likely making use of which learning strategy?

____________ learning is defined as learning that is acquired but is not displayed until there is incentive to do so.

The term "personal adaptation" is concerned with how:

Edward Tolman's research on latent learning and Albert Bandura's work on modelling both demonstrate that:

If a candy machine isn't working properly,in general,people usually do not continue to deposit coins into the machine.It is easier for people to tell when they are not working properly because these machines are supposed to operate on a _____________ schedule.

The use of learning through ___________ ___________ has been applied effectively to boost immune system functioning.

Personal adaptation is most concerned with how the laws of learning influence behaviour,while species adaptation focuses more on how ________________ contribute to behaviour.

In aversion therapy,a stimulus that triggers an unwanted behaviour is paired with:

Research has determined that chimpanzees can learn to work for and value tokens that can be used in a vending machine to obtain food.According to the principles of operant conditioning,the token would best be considered an example of a:

In the Lassie experiment discussed in the text,we could not tell if the positive impact of the prosocial Lassie condition was due to the message of program or to the fact that there was a cute puppy featured in the show.This confusion served to lower the __________ validity of the study.

All of the following were mentioned as limitations of punishment EXCEPT:

A researcher in a classical conditioning experiment first conditions a dog to salivate in response to the presentation of a red circle.After this response has been established,she presents a light immediately before she displays the red circle and after several trials,the light comes to trigger the salivation response.This example best demonstrates the process of:

________ reinforcement schedules involve presentation of reinforcement after a consistent number of responses or after a consistent time interval; ________ reinforcement schedules involve presentation of a reinforcement after a random number of responses or differing time intervals,around an average.

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning are maintained through:

Ethologists refer to an unlearned behavioural response that is triggered by a simple stimulus as a(n)_________________.

If stimuli that are similar to a CS also evoke a conditioned response,stimulus ____________ is said to have occurred.

The key factor in determining whether extinction will occur or not is: