Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Positive and negative reinforcers are similar in that both:

You stay inside on very hot days because you don't want to expose yourself to the heat.By doing so,you don't subject yourself to such problems as sunburns or heatstroke.The learning that has taken place for you is most similar to which of the following?

A child is bitten by a German Shepherd when he is young.When he grows up,the child develops a fear of not just German Shepherds,but of all dogs and he refuses to go near them.The fact that this person now avoids all dogs illustrates the process of:

During the process of extinction,it is not uncommon for a conditioned response to recur if,after a period of time has passed,the conditioned stimulus is presented again.This is known as:

According to operant conditioning,when a consequence strengthens the behaviour it follows then ____________has occurred.

In classical conditioning,what is the difference between generalization and discrimination? Using dog phobias as a context,provide an example of each.What is higher-order conditioning and how are higher-order CSs different from typical CSs in terms of strength and resistance to extinction?

Punishment and negative reinforcement are similar in that they both serve to weaken behaviour or make it less likely to occur in the future.

Discuss the evidence from Tolman's and Bandura's work that suggests that we should make a distinction between learning and performance.

Giving athletes random drug tests and police officers setting up roadside speed traps are examples of the:

Which of the following provides the most direct evidence for the existence of cognitive maps in animals?

A researcher conducted an experiment with rats in which she paired the administration of a drug that boosted the immune system with sweet water.Later,when the drug was removed and the rats continued to receive just the sweet water,the functioning of the rats' immune systems:

Anastasia wants to run and finish a marathon.Every day her trainer measures the distance she is able to run and even though far short of the 26-mile distance of a marathon,Anastasia is praised for her daily runs.Her trainer feels that if he starts with the basic running skill and rewards her smaller efforts,that Anastasia will eventually run a successful marathon.Her trainer is addressing her running behaviour by using the principles of ___________.

It is challenging for a traditional behaviourist,to explain this aspects of Tolman's latent learning research with rats:

Assembly-line workers who receive $20.00 for every five toys that they assemble are working on a:

Köhler used the term ______________ to describe the sudden perception of a useful relationship that chimpanzees used to help solve a problem.

A key principle in many therapies that treat phobias and fears is that the phobia or fear is learned and can therefore be:

The phenomenon of instinctual drift was introduced to illustrate a limitation of operant conditioning.

Learning that occurs by watching the behaviour of a model is called ___________ learning.

Variable schedules of reinforcement have been shown to produce greater resistance to extinction compared to fixed schedules of reinforcement.

In order to prevent coyotes from killing ranchers' sheep,pieces of sheep flesh have been laced with lithium chloride,a nausea-inducing drug.It is hoped that the coyote will then associate the nausea with the sheep and become less likely to kill them.This applied research capitalizes on the phenomenon of: