Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

Veronica is a 2-year-old who likes to explore her environment.However,this gets her into a lot of trouble.Veronica has learned to stop whatever she is doing if she hears her mom or dad say,"No!" Yesterday,Veronica was with a babysitter.When the babysitter said,"No!" to Veronica,she also stopped what she was doing.Veronica's behaviour demonstrates:

The Joyce Sprafkin research demonstrating that children who watched a prosocial Lassie TV program were more likely to engage in helpful behaviour was presented to illustrate which of the following?

Forward pairing (CS followed by UCS)typically produces the strongest learning;simultaneous pairing produces weaker learning;and backward pairing (UCS followed by the CS)produces the weakest learning.This makes sense based on:

A smart political candidate becomes friends with a very popular professional baseball player because she hopes that this will improve her popularity with the voters.With regard to classical conditioning principles,the professional baseball player would best be viewed as a(n):

One of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning behaviour is _____________,whereas in operant conditioning behaviour is ___________.

Advertisers use the principles of classical conditioning to try to sell products.By pairing attractive and famous people,humour,or "warm-fuzzy" family images to products such as cars,food,and even telephone services,advertisers attempt to shift the public's attitude about the product.In these examples,attractive and famous people,humour,and family images are the __________,whereas the product being sold is the ____________.

Research suggests that a person would be LEAST likely to develop a phobia of which of the following?

The use of shaping and chaining:

If we responded continuously to every stimulus in the environment we would quickly become fatigued and overwhelmed which means that __________________ has strong adaptive significance.

An organism learns an association between two stimuli in ________________ conditioning,whereas an association between a behaviour and its consequence is learned in __________________ conditioning.

During the process of extinction,it is not uncommon for a CR to recur if,after a period of time has passed,the CS is presented again.This is known as ________________ recovery.

What plays a key role in regulating our ability to experience reward?

When you tell your dog,"Sit," and she does,you almost always give her a small treat.In this example,which of the following would be considered a discriminative stimulus? The:

On a __________ schedule,reinforcement is given after an inconstant number of correct responses,all centred on an average.

Police dogs that are used to locate illegal drugs,and pigeons that can peck a signal button when they spot an orange life jacket in the water,both demonstrate how the principles of _______________ can be used to train animals to assist humans.

In classical conditioning experiments,learning is typically fastest when the UCS is _________ and the time interval between the CS and the UCS is _________.

The general process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities is defined by psychologists as _____________________.

Generally,punishment that immediately follows a behaviour has ____________________________ when punishment is delayed following a behaviour.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)conditioned baby Albert to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise that Albert already feared.After the conditioning had taken place,the researchers also found that Albert was afraid of furry white and gray objects,such as a rabbit and a Santa Claus mask.The fact that Albert was afraid of these additional items demonstrated that:

Under which of the following CS-UCS pairing conditions does learning usually occur most quickly?