Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing,the __________ is presented ________ the UCS.

Mary Cover Jones was a psychologist who was knowledgeable about behaviourist principles.Using the assumption that fear can be classically conditioned,she set out to break the CS-UCS pairing using a technique in which a patient is exposed to a stimulus that arouses anxiety without the presence of the UCS.The modern version of her technique was called:

How animals appear to be biologically "prewired" to easily learn behaviours that are related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces is referred to by the term ____________________.

An antecedent is a(n)___________ that is present ___________ a given behaviour has been displayed.

Stuart has a rather unusual fear: He is afraid of public speaking,but only when he has to make speeches on the weekend.He is a professor and has no trouble speaking in front of large groups of students,and he has made effective presentations at conferences,as long as he presents on a weekday.The specificity of Stuart's fear most clearly demonstrates the process of:

Operant conditioning is concerned with ____________,whereas classical conditioning focuses on ____________.

The organism learns to associate two stimuli such that a previously neutral stimulus comes to produce a reflexive response that was previously produced by a different stimulus,in _______________________.

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one,___________ has occurred.

Conditioned taste aversions were discussed to demonstrate the concept of higher-order conditioning.

In the anticipatory nausea and vomiting response that can occur with patients receiving cancer treatment,initially neutral stimuli,such as needles,the hospital,or the treatment room,become _______ that trigger sickness.

In classical conditioning,discrimination refers to how a:

The behavioural procedure that is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response is called:

Operant extinction,aversive punishment,and response cost punishment are similar in that they all:

In negative reinforcement,when an aversive stimulus is ___________,it makes the behaviour that it follows ________ likely to occur.

After a single bad encounter with a dog,a child develops a dog phobia.She shows strong avoidance and escape behaviours at the sight of a dog.Initially,the sight of a dog served as a conditioned stimulus that triggered fear.However,after operant conditioning has taken over and her avoidance behaviour has been learned,the sight of a dog would best be considered as an example of a(n):

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process,EXCEPT:

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that:

Which of the following would be most likely to produce the fastest learning that is also resistant to extinction? Start with:

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.

Which of the following provides the best definition of sensitization? It is a(n)___________________________ stimulus.