Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

These schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction because if reinforcement has been unpredictable in the past,it takes longer to learn that it has stopped altogether;they are known as _______________ schedules.

Harpreet wants to train her dog,Jupiter,to walk to the television and turn it on with her nose.Harpreet begins the training by rewarding Jupiter whenever he takes a step into the living room.Next,Harpreet rewards Jupiter only when he walks in the direction of the television.Then Harpreet rewards Jupiter only when he walks to the television,and finally she rewards Jupiter only when he touches the power button with his paw and turns on the television.The behavioural technique that Harpreet is using to train her dog is called:

If a tone is presented immediately before food,dogs will learn to salivate:

An 11-year-old girl was suffering from a disease in which her own immune system attacked her body.To treat her,they first paired cod liver oil with an immune-suppressant drug.Later,when she only received pure cod liver oil,her immune system still showed the intended impairment.In this instance,the CS would be the:

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS during ________________.

Learning is typically SLOWEST under which of the following CS-UCS pairings? _________________ pairing.

Susanne developed a fear of cars after being in a crash.Using the principles of classical conditioning,the crash would be considered the __________.The fact that Susanne was fearful of all cars and not just the type that was in the crash demonstrates ____________.

While walking through the mall,a young boy sees a new pair of shoes and immediately tells his grandmother that he would like to have them.The grandma initially refuses,prompting the boy to get upset and he starts to cry.The grandma hates to see her grandson get upset,so she changes her mind and buys him the shoes.In this example,we could say that the grandma's initial refusal was _____________ and the boy's mini-tantrum was ____________.

After becoming familiar with her local environment,a coyote learns to go to a specific stream for water when she is thirsty.She also tends to go to a particular shady area when the temperature is hot.These behaviours are best considered examples of:

The text discussed an experiment in which rats were exposed to X-rays that were paired with sweet water,a light,and a buzzer.The X-rays made the rats ill and the researchers wanted to know which stimuli would become associated with the illness.The results revealed that the rats avoided ___________.The findings from this experiment were used to demonstrate the concept of ___________.

The key factor in determining whether or not extinction will occur is:

Your dog has learned that whenever her food bowl is on the floor in your house,if she walks over and looks in it there will be food in it.While visiting some friends,your dog notices a similar looking bowl on the floor,so she runs over to it expecting to find some food in it.This example is most relevant to which of the following concepts?

In Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiment,children who saw a model being _________ for acting aggressively later performed _____________ aggressive acts when placed in a room with various toys.

The psychologist Albert Bandura identified a four-step process necessary for observational learning to occur.Which of the following is NOT one of the steps?

If placed on a continuous reinforcement schedule,an animal will be reinforced after:

The first correct response that occurs after a set amount of time is reinforced is following a ______________________ schedule.

Although Cathy had successfully extinguished the association between unknown cars and fear for over a month,when she saw an unfamiliar car on her street,she felt fear again.This is an example of:

When a discriminative stimuli influences a behaviour,that behaviour:

Within the field of psychology,how organisms learn and assume that there are general laws of learning that apply to virtually all organisms is focused on by ___________________.

Aversive punishment refers to the process in which a behaviour is ___________ by the subsequent ___________ of a consequence.