Question 1

Each of the following describe the four main approaches to regenerative medicine using stem cells,EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  biodegradable scaffolds are used to regenerate new tissues and organs outside the body and then are surgically inserted into the body. 
B)  drugs artificially stimulate stem cells within the body to regenerate tissues. 
C)  stem cells are stimulated outside the body and then injected back in to regenerate tissue. 
D)  stem cells from one individual are used to regenerate new tissues by surgically injecting them into a different individual. 
E)  biodegradable materials are implanted in the body to serve as a stem cell scaffold for tissue regeneration. 
A)  biodegradable scaffolds are used to regenerate new tissues and organs outside the body and then are surgically inserted into the body. 
B)  drugs artificially stimulate stem cells within the body to regenerate tissues. 
C)  stem cells are stimulated outside the body and then injected back in to regenerate tissue. 
D)  stem cells from one individual are used to regenerate new tissues by surgically injecting them into a different individual. 
E)  biodegradable materials are implanted in the body to serve as a stem cell scaffold for tissue regeneration.

Question 2

Cellular differentiation,or cell specialization,results from _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  the "turning off" of some genes and the "turning on" others 
B)  the separation of stem cells from each other,so they do not "know" what their "neighbors" are becoming 
C)  cellular division;when cells divide by mitosis,the daughter cells are specialized 
D)  the birth process;all the cells of a fetus differentiate by the time it is born 
E)  fertilization of an egg;the fusion of the sperm and egg initiates cell specialization within minutes 
A)  the "turning off" of some genes and the "turning on" others 
B)  the separation of stem cells from each other,so they do not "know" what their "neighbors" are becoming 
C)  cellular division;when cells divide by mitosis,the daughter cells are specialized 
D)  the birth process;all the cells of a fetus differentiate by the time it is born 
E)  fertilization of an egg;the fusion of the sperm and egg initiates cell specialization within minutes

Question 3

Why are scientists so optimistic about using stem cells in regenerative medicine?

Accepted Answer

A)  If we can use adult stem cells and reprogram them for therapeutic use,we would have an unlimited supply of cells to use. 
B)  Reprogramming adult cells means we can use patients' cells and circumvent many of the rejection problems that arise in transplantation. 
C)  Use of adult stem cells makes research and development much easier and less controversial. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  If we can use adult stem cells and reprogram them for therapeutic use,we would have an unlimited supply of cells to use. 
B)  Reprogramming adult cells means we can use patients' cells and circumvent many of the rejection problems that arise in transplantation. 
C)  Use of adult stem cells makes research and development much easier and less controversial. 
D)  All of the above. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 4

A cell has 46 centromeres in G1.How many will be present in prophase and in anaphase?

Accepted Answer

A)  46 in prophase and 46 in anaphase 
B)  46 in prophase and 23 in anaphase 
C)  46 in prophase and 92 in anaphase 
D)  23 in prophase and 92 in anaphase 
E)  92 in prophase and 46 in anaphase 
A)  46 in prophase and 46 in anaphase 
B)  46 in prophase and 23 in anaphase 
C)  46 in prophase and 92 in anaphase 
D)  23 in prophase and 92 in anaphase 
E)  92 in prophase and 46 in anaphase

Question 5

After chromosomes are duplicated,the identical copies

Accepted Answer

A)  are called twin chromosomes. 
B)  are attached to each other by a centromere. 
C)  are separated and paired with their homologous chromosomes. 
D)  divide again before mitosis can begin. 
E)  are attached to each other by a cytosome. 
A)  are called twin chromosomes. 
B)  are attached to each other by a centromere. 
C)  are separated and paired with their homologous chromosomes. 
D)  divide again before mitosis can begin. 
E)  are attached to each other by a cytosome.

Question 6

Chromosomes pull apart because the spindle gets shorter during this stage.

Accepted Answer

A)  interphase 
B)  prophase 
C)  metaphase 
D)  anaphase 
E)  telophase 
A)  interphase 
B)  prophase 
C)  metaphase 
D)  anaphase 
E)  telophase

Question 7

Where do adult stem cells come from?

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiated adult cells 
B)  the patients themselves 
C)  undifferentiated tissue specific cells 
D)  B and C 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  differentiated adult cells 
B)  the patients themselves 
C)  undifferentiated tissue specific cells 
D)  B and C 
E)  All of the above.

Question 8

A tissue is composed of

Accepted Answer

A)  cells. 
B)  organs. 
C)  organ systems. 
D)  cells and organs. 
E)  cells and organ systems. 
A)  cells. 
B)  organs. 
C)  organ systems. 
D)  cells and organs. 
E)  cells and organ systems.

Question 9

The "S" phase of the cell cycle occurs during which of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

A)  prophase 
B)  metaphase 
C)  anaphase 
D)  telophase 
E)  interphase 
A)  prophase 
B)  metaphase 
C)  anaphase 
D)  telophase 
E)  interphase

Question 10

What is one major benefit of using stem-cell therapies for regenerative therapy versus drugs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stem-cell therapy is less invasive because it does not require surgery or injections. 
B)  Stem-cell therapy can specifically target one cell type,whereas drug therapy is less specific. 
C)  Stem-cell therapy allows the patient to recover more quickly. 
D)  Stem-cell therapy is generally easier and less expensive than drug therapy. 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  Stem-cell therapy is less invasive because it does not require surgery or injections. 
B)  Stem-cell therapy can specifically target one cell type,whereas drug therapy is less specific. 
C)  Stem-cell therapy allows the patient to recover more quickly. 
D)  Stem-cell therapy is generally easier and less expensive than drug therapy. 
E)  All of the above.

Question 11

You shed skin cells every day.Those cells are replaced by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  mitotic division and specialization of embryonic stem cells 
B)  differentiation of neighboring neurons into skin cells 
C)  differentiation of blood cells that migrate into deeper layers of the skin 
D)  mitotic division and differentiation of tissue stem cells 
E)  meiotic division and differentiation of connective tissue cells 
A)  mitotic division and specialization of embryonic stem cells 
B)  differentiation of neighboring neurons into skin cells 
C)  differentiation of blood cells that migrate into deeper layers of the skin 
D)  mitotic division and differentiation of tissue stem cells 
E)  meiotic division and differentiation of connective tissue cells

Question 12

Organs can perform unique functions that differ from those that the tissues from which they are made can perform individually.Why is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organs are always made of more cells than are tissues. 
B)  Tissues cannot form the same shapes that organs can;organs,therefore,have more functions than tissues. 
C)  The cell types of an organ work together to create new,unique functions. 
D)  Organs have stem cells,whereas tissues do not;organs can grow new cells with functions that are different from tissues. 
E)  The cells of a tissue are flat,whereas the cells of an organ are round;round cells create more functionality. 
A)  Organs are always made of more cells than are tissues. 
B)  Tissues cannot form the same shapes that organs can;organs,therefore,have more functions than tissues. 
C)  The cell types of an organ work together to create new,unique functions. 
D)  Organs have stem cells,whereas tissues do not;organs can grow new cells with functions that are different from tissues. 
E)  The cells of a tissue are flat,whereas the cells of an organ are round;round cells create more functionality.

Question 13

During interphase of the cell cycle,which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  All of the cell's DNA is copied. 
B)  The cell increases in volume. 
C)  Organelles are produced. 
D)  The cell goes through stages called G1,S,and G2. 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  All of the cell's DNA is copied. 
B)  The cell increases in volume. 
C)  Organelles are produced. 
D)  The cell goes through stages called G1,S,and G2. 
E)  All of the above.

Question 14

Is the genome of stem cells larger than that of specialized cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes,because they need the genes found in every cell type,whereas specialized cells need only a subset of all the genes. 
B)  Yes,because they express more genes than specialized cells express. 
C)  No,because all of a person's cells have the identical set of genes in their genome. 
D)  No;they have a smaller genome,because stem cells are equivalent to gametes (which are haploid)in that they can potentially create an entire individual. 
E)  No;they have a smaller genome because stem cells express only a subset of genes. 
A)  Yes,because they need the genes found in every cell type,whereas specialized cells need only a subset of all the genes. 
B)  Yes,because they express more genes than specialized cells express. 
C)  No,because all of a person's cells have the identical set of genes in their genome. 
D)  No;they have a smaller genome,because stem cells are equivalent to gametes (which are haploid)in that they can potentially create an entire individual. 
E)  No;they have a smaller genome because stem cells express only a subset of genes.

Question 15

A biopsy of a human bladder would contain which types of stem cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  urothelial,connective,and muscle 
B)  urothelial and connective 
C)  urothelial and muscle 
D)  connective and muscle 
E)  connective and urothelial 
A)  urothelial,connective,and muscle 
B)  urothelial and connective 
C)  urothelial and muscle 
D)  connective and muscle 
E)  connective and urothelial

Question 16

Chromosomes are most stretched out during

Accepted Answer

A)  interphase. 
B)  prophase. 
C)  telophase. 
D)  anaphase. 
E)  metaphase. 
A)  interphase. 
B)  prophase. 
C)  telophase. 
D)  anaphase. 
E)  metaphase.

Question 17

When chromosomes duplicate,they form

Accepted Answer

A)  daughter chromatids. 
B)  sister chromatids. 
C)  mother-daughter chromosomes. 
D)  bifurcated chromosomes. 
E)  chromateres. 
A)  daughter chromatids. 
B)  sister chromatids. 
C)  mother-daughter chromosomes. 
D)  bifurcated chromosomes. 
E)  chromateres.

Question 18

When growing a replacement organ,what is the next step in the process after the doctor takes a biopsy of a patient's organ?

Accepted Answer

A)  give the patient antirejection drugs 
B)  replace the diseased tissue with the new cells 
C)  grow the isolated cells on a scaffold 
D)  isolate and grow the stem cells from the organ 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  give the patient antirejection drugs 
B)  replace the diseased tissue with the new cells 
C)  grow the isolated cells on a scaffold 
D)  isolate and grow the stem cells from the organ 
E)  None of the above.

Question 19

Somatic stem cells are found in

Accepted Answer

A)  adult tissues. 
B)  embryonic tissues. 
C)  umbilical-cord blood. 
D)  germ tissue. 
E)  All of the above. 
A)  adult tissues. 
B)  embryonic tissues. 
C)  umbilical-cord blood. 
D)  germ tissue. 
E)  All of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following describes a process in development by which complex tissues and organs can be created outside the body from differentiated stem cells using a modified 3D printer?

Accepted Answer

A)  biospraying 
B)  stem-printing 
C)  print transplantation 
D)  bioprinting 
E)  regenerative printing 
A)  biospraying 
B)  stem-printing 
C)  print transplantation 
D)  bioprinting 
E)  regenerative printing

Exam 9: Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation

Each of the following describe the four main approaches to regenerative medicine using stem cells,EXCEPT

Cellular differentiation,or cell specialization,results from _____.

Why are scientists so optimistic about using stem cells in regenerative medicine?

A cell has 46 centromeres in G1.How many will be present in prophase and in anaphase?

After chromosomes are duplicated,the identical copies

Chromosomes pull apart because the spindle gets shorter during this stage.

Where do adult stem cells come from?

A tissue is composed of

The "S" phase of the cell cycle occurs during which of the following stages?

What is one major benefit of using stem-cell therapies for regenerative therapy versus drugs?

You shed skin cells every day.Those cells are replaced by _____.

Organs can perform unique functions that differ from those that the tissues from which they are made can perform individually.Why is this?

During interphase of the cell cycle,which of the following occurs?

Is the genome of stem cells larger than that of specialized cells?

A biopsy of a human bladder would contain which types of stem cells?

Chromosomes are most stretched out during

When chromosomes duplicate,they form

When growing a replacement organ,what is the next step in the process after the doctor takes a biopsy of a patient's organ?

Somatic stem cells are found in

Which of the following describes a process in development by which complex tissues and organs can be created outside the body from differentiated stem cells using a modified 3D printer?

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A cell has 46 centromeres in G₁.How many will be present in prophase and in anaphase?