Question 1

Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  response generalization 
A)  latent learning 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  response generalization D

Question 3

Stimulus control appears in ________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant, but not classical, 
B)  both classical and operant 
C)  classical, but not operant, 
D)  neither classical nor operant 
A)  operant, but not classical, 
B)  both classical and operant 
C)  classical, but not operant, 
D)  neither classical nor operant B

Question 4

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one to which you have learned to respond to is called stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting an inflated doll, children who saw the model ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded 
B)  rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished 
C)  punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded 
D)  rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished 
A)  punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded 
B)  rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished 
C)  punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded 
D)  rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished

Question 6

Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  partial reinforcement 
B)  shaping 
C)  intermittent pairing 
D)  sporadic pairing 
A)  partial reinforcement 
B)  shaping 
C)  intermittent pairing 
D)  sporadic pairing

Question 7

Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  punishment 
D)  shaping 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  punishment 
D)  shaping

Question 8

Jonesy often gets tension headaches from his stressful job. His doctor taught him to control them by attaching an electronic device that emits a tone to his head. Even slight relaxation of his head muscles causes the tone to drop. By relaxing his head muscles, his headaches are relieved. This technique is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  contingency training 
B)  social learning 
C)  biofeedback 
D)  preparedness 
A)  contingency training 
B)  social learning 
C)  biofeedback 
D)  preparedness

Question 9

Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcer 
B)  antecedent 
C)  negative reinforcer 
D)  punisher 
A)  positive reinforcer 
B)  antecedent 
C)  negative reinforcer 
D)  punisher

Question 10

When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the probability of the behavior reoccurring is likely to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease 
B)  increase 
C)  generalize 
D)  remain the same 
A)  decrease 
B)  increase 
C)  generalize 
D)  remain the same

Question 11

An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response when presented alone is a(n) ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  reinforcer 
C)  antecedent 
D)  unconditioned stimulus 
A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  reinforcer 
C)  antecedent 
D)  unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an example of preparedness in conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Birds quickly learn to avoid drinking water that is the same color as water that previously made them ill. 
B)  Baby ducklings learn to recognize their mother's sight and call as they follow her around, and soon will follow nobody but their mother. 
C)  A child learns that brushing teeth always results in praise from parents. 
D)  Rats learn to avoid drinking water with a salty taste that previously made them ill. 
A)  Birds quickly learn to avoid drinking water that is the same color as water that previously made them ill. 
B)  Baby ducklings learn to recognize their mother's sight and call as they follow her around, and soon will follow nobody but their mother. 
C)  A child learns that brushing teeth always results in praise from parents. 
D)  Rats learn to avoid drinking water with a salty taste that previously made them ill.

Question 13

The use of biofeedback to monitor and control brain wave activity is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  neurofeedback 
B)  neurogenesis 
C)  desensitization 
D)  retrofeedback 
A)  neurofeedback 
B)  neurogenesis 
C)  desensitization 
D)  retrofeedback

Question 14

A crucial element of operant conditioning is emitted behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The step-by-step reinforcement of partial responses is called shaping.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Classical conditioning is only effective in humans when they are infants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the shocks, but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  response generalization 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  latent learning 
D)  contingency blocking 
A)  response generalization 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  latent learning 
D)  contingency blocking

Question 18

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.

Accepted Answer

A)  decreases; also decreases 
B)  decreases; increases 
C)  increases; also increases 
D)  increases; decreases 
A)  decreases; also decreases 
B)  decreases; increases 
C)  increases; also increases 
D)  increases; decreases

Question 19

Punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behavior they learned by observing those models is called ________ punishment.

Accepted Answer

A)  mediated 
B)  direct 
C)  indirect 
D)  vicarious 
A)  mediated 
B)  direct 
C)  indirect 
D)  vicarious

Question 20

Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior.

Accepted Answer

Answers may vary. Start by identifying b

Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ________.

Stimulus control appears in ________ conditioning.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one to which you have learned to respond to is called stimulus generalization.

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting an inflated doll, children who saw the model ________.

Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials is called ________.

Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of ________.

Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the probability of the behavior reoccurring is likely to ________.

An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response when presented alone is a(n) ________.

Which of the following is NOT an example of preparedness in conditioning?

The use of biofeedback to monitor and control brain wave activity is known as ________.

A crucial element of operant conditioning is emitted behavior.

The step-by-step reinforcement of partial responses is called shaping.

Classical conditioning is only effective in humans when they are infants.

Positive reinforcement the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.

Punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behavior they learned by observing those models is called ________ punishment.

Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior.

The Science of Psychology

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Exam 5: Learning

Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ________.

Stimulus control appears in ________ conditioning.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one to which you have learned to respond to is called stimulus generalization.

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting an inflated doll, children who saw the model ________.

Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials is called ________.

Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of ________.

Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the probability of the behavior reoccurring is likely to ________.

An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response when presented alone is a(n) ________.

Which of the following is NOT an example of preparedness in conditioning?

The use of biofeedback to monitor and control brain wave activity is known as ________.

A crucial element of operant conditioning is emitted behavior.

The step-by-step reinforcement of partial responses is called shaping.

Classical conditioning is only effective in humans when they are infants.

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.

Punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behavior they learned by observing those models is called ________ punishment.

Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior.

The Science of Psychology

The Biological Basis of Behavior

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Cognition and Mental Abilities

Motivation and Emotion

Life-Span Development

Personality

Stress and Health Psychology

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Social Psychology

Filters

Positive reinforcement the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.