Exam 5: Learning

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the meat was the ________.

Laura is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new fears result from ________.

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as ________.

Jenna needs to figure out a way to stop the pencil from rolling off of the desk as she works, as one of the legs is uneven, and the desk slopes. She doesn't have a pen cup, but after thinking for a just a moment and looking at her desk, she grabs a book from the left and puts it to the side of the pencil to stop it from rolling. Jenna has used what to solve this problem?

The idea that learning occurs, and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event and inhibit the response to all other stimuli is called ________.

The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that behavior is crucial to ________.

When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ________.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to one you have already learned to respond to is called ________.

In negative reinforcement, the ________ of a(n) ________ stimulus follows a behavior and changes the likelihood of that response reoccurring.

Riva works at an automobile repair shop and is paid for every three transmissions she fixes. Riva is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Oscar takes vitamins to prevent illnesses related to vitamin deficiencies. This is an example of ________.

Briefly describe the types of generalization and discrimination that occur in classical and operant conditioning and explain how each works.

Abigail is trying to figure out how she can best use employee pay to shape her employees' behavior. She is worried about consistent behavior, not speed. Therefore, she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers. According to reinforcement principles, she should probably use a ________ schedule.

To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of ________.

A group of dogs is taught to salivate to the ringing of a bell by pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of meat. Once the dogs have been conditioned to the sound of the bell, a black square is presented each time the bell is rung. Soon, the dogs are salivating to the presentation of the black square without it being paired to the presentation of the bell. This is an example of ________.

A child sees a toy on a shelf. After several unsuccessful attempts to reach it, the child pushes a box over to the shelf to gain access to the toy. This type of learning is called ________.

Kevin is a good student. He studies hard because when he does he gets the teacher's approval. His studying behavior was probably learned through ________.

Instrumental conditioning is another term for ________.

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR, and his results.