Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following steps is the basic principle of self-modification of behavior?

Explain the concept of preparedness. Also, summarize research findings on food aversion and how it relates to preparedness.

Conditioned taste aversions are found ________.

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

Extinction and spontaneous recovery occur in ________ conditioning.

The process in which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously is called ________.

Learning to avoid engaging in behaviors that will result in punishment is called ________ training.

Describe Kohler's and Harlow's research on insight and learning sets. What conclusions can be drawn from this research regarding animals' abilities to learn?

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

Explain what biofeedback is and describe how it can be used to shape behavioral changes in humans. What are the criticisms and limitations of biofeedback?

Classical conditioning can also occur in humans. Often advertisers use comedy in a commercial to evoke a positive emotion, then flash the company's logo at a consumer. With repeated pairings, the logo creates a positive emotion in viewers. In this situation, the positive emotion resulting from the comedy is the _________.

In classical conditioning, discrimination basically is the reverse of ________.

The control of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the environment is known as ________.

In classical conditioning the learner is ________, and in operant conditioning the learner is ________.

Discuss the importance of contingencies in classical conditioning. In your discussion, explain what backward conditioning is and how it works.

Betsy's favorite activity is to go to the riverboat in order to play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

A reinforcer that takes on its reinforcing properties only through association with other reinforcers is called a(n) ________ reinforcer.

Briefly discuss one example of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR. Make sure to describe how long it took you to become conditioned in this example, and variables that could affect how someone else could become conditioned in your example.

In classical conditioning, the most effective method is to present the ________.