Exam 7: Deviance and Crime

Many people do not resort to deviance because of______________containments such as self-control,a sense of responsibility,and resistance to diversions.

In 1972,the United States Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v.Georgia)that arbitrary application of the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution,but that the death penalty itself is not unconstitutional.In other words,capital punishment is legal if it is fairly imposed.

According to research conducted by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin,______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.

Sociologists______________suggested that for deviance to occur,people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures-circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

A few people engage in______________deviance,which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

A person shoplifts an item of clothing from a department store and is apprehended and labeled as a "thief." The person subsequently accepts the label,and continues to shoplift items from other stores on numerous occasions.This example illustrates the tertiary deviance stage of the labeling theory.

Suppose that a bully comes into town and the residents band together in order to oppose the threat.This illustrates which function of deviance?

Describe organized crime and explain how it may weaken social control in a society.

A major strength of the rational choice theory of deviance is that it explains why high-risk youths do not constantly engage in delinquent acts.They have learned to balance risk against the potential for criminal gain in each situation.

______________ crimes include robbery,burglary,larceny,motor vehicle theft,and arson.In most of these crimes,the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.

Discuss whether or not public order crimes (victimless crimes),such as prostitution,recreational drug use (marijuana),and gambling,should be decriminalized.

Deviance can be based on a person's belief,actions or even a characteristic.

A youngster living in the ghetto is unlikely to become wealthy through a Harvard education,but some of his desires may be met through behaviors like theft,drug dealing,and robbery.This illustrates:

The term______________refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials,or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement,undermine the government,or overthrow it.

Compare sociologist Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory and criminologist Ronald Akers' differential reinforcement theory.

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)was developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics as an alternate means of collecting crime statistics.The most recent (NCVS)indicates that victimization rates for violent crime______________between 2010 and 2011.

Conventional (street)crimes include burglary,motor vehicle theft,larceny-theft,and arson.

______________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers,prosecutors,judges,and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

According to Robert Merton's strain theory,______________refers to when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

______________ crime refers to illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support.