Question 1

The principal mode of transmission of rabies virus is through

Accepted Answer

A)  blood. 
B)  fomites. 
C)  saliva. 
D)  pus. 
E)  insect bites. 
A)  blood. 
B)  fomites. 
C)  saliva. 
D)  pus. 
E)  insect bites.

Question 2

The membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord are known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  neurolemma. 
B)  dura mater. 
C)  meninges. 
D)  collagen. 
E)  sarcolemma. 
A)  neurolemma. 
B)  dura mater. 
C)  meninges. 
D)  collagen. 
E)  sarcolemma.

Question 3

Which is true about C. botulinum?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is aerobic. 
B)  It does not grow well below pH 4.5. 
C)  It may form spores. 
D)  It produces an enterotoxin. 
E)  It is Gram-negative. 
A)  It is aerobic. 
B)  It does not grow well below pH 4.5. 
C)  It may form spores. 
D)  It produces an enterotoxin. 
E)  It is Gram-negative.

Question 4

The cavities inside the brain are termed

Accepted Answer

A)  sinuses. 
B)  ventricles. 
C)  cavities. 
D)  sulci. 
E)  gyri. 
A)  sinuses. 
B)  ventricles. 
C)  cavities. 
D)  sulci. 
E)  gyri.

Question 5

The limited type of leprosy in which cell-mediated immunity suppresses proliferation of the bacilli is called

Accepted Answer

A)  lepromatous. 
B)  limited. 
C)  immune. 
D)  tuberculoid. 
E)  Hansen's. 
A)  lepromatous. 
B)  limited. 
C)  immune. 
D)  tuberculoid. 
E)  Hansen's.

Question 6

Immunosuppressed patients who test positive for antibody to T. gondii always have an active infection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

To determine the causative agent of a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a sample is taken from the

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)  arterial blood. 
C)  venous blood. 
D)  urine. 
E)  ventricles. 
A)  cerebrospinal fluid. 
B)  arterial blood. 
C)  venous blood. 
D)  urine. 
E)  ventricles.

Question 8

The transmission of M. leprae is by

Accepted Answer

A)  direct human-to-human contact AND the fecal-oral route. 
B)  the fecal-oral route AND contact with contaminated blood products. 
C)  contact with contaminated blood products. 
D)  contact with infected nasal secretions AND the fecal-oral route. 
E)  direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions. 
A)  direct human-to-human contact AND the fecal-oral route. 
B)  the fecal-oral route AND contact with contaminated blood products. 
C)  contact with contaminated blood products. 
D)  contact with infected nasal secretions AND the fecal-oral route. 
E)  direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions.

Question 9

Which of these descriptions does NOT apply to the pathogenesis of meningitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vasodilation from inflammation results in accumulation of fluid, causing brain swelling and nerve damage. 
B)  Vasodilation disrupts the blood-brain barrier and allows neutrophils and proteins to enter the CSF. 
C)  Inflammation results in the formation of small blood clots that block capillaries and interrupt blood supply, leading to cell death. 
D)  Fever causes the blood pressure to increase significantly, forcing lymph fluid into the meninges and causing brain swelling. 
E)  Inflammation impedes normal outflow of CSF, causing it to accumulate and press the brain against the skull. 
A)  Vasodilation from inflammation results in accumulation of fluid, causing brain swelling and nerve damage. 
B)  Vasodilation disrupts the blood-brain barrier and allows neutrophils and proteins to enter the CSF. 
C)  Inflammation results in the formation of small blood clots that block capillaries and interrupt blood supply, leading to cell death. 
D)  Fever causes the blood pressure to increase significantly, forcing lymph fluid into the meninges and causing brain swelling. 
E)  Inflammation impedes normal outflow of CSF, causing it to accumulate and press the brain against the skull.

Question 10

An infection of the membranes covering the brain is called

Accepted Answer

A)  encephalitis. 
B)  meningitis. 
C)  arachnitis. 
D)  ventriculitis. 
E)  duramitis. 
A)  encephalitis. 
B)  meningitis. 
C)  arachnitis. 
D)  ventriculitis. 
E)  duramitis.

Question 11

The meningococcus attaches to the mucous membrane via ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  flagella 
B)  pili 
C)  cilia 
D)  a capsule 
E)  axial filaments 
A)  flagella 
B)  pili 
C)  cilia 
D)  a capsule 
E)  axial filaments

Question 12

Why is it possible to prevent rabies with vaccine given after exposure to the virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  The virus replicates extremely slowly. It is possible to prevent the disease by vaccinating while the viral load is very low. 
B)  It takes some time for the virus to invade the peripheral neurons and travel to the CNS. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease. 
C)  It takes some time for the virus to invade the CNS and travel to the peripheral nerves. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease. 
D)  Rabies vaccine contains anti-rabies antibodies. These bind to the rabies and virus and destroy it before it is able to cause any neuronal damage. 
E)  People receive a rabies vaccine in their childhood. Giving a vaccine after exposure to the virus quickly boosts their memory cell populations, protecting them. 
A)  The virus replicates extremely slowly. It is possible to prevent the disease by vaccinating while the viral load is very low. 
B)  It takes some time for the virus to invade the peripheral neurons and travel to the CNS. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease. 
C)  It takes some time for the virus to invade the CNS and travel to the peripheral nerves. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease. 
D)  Rabies vaccine contains anti-rabies antibodies. These bind to the rabies and virus and destroy it before it is able to cause any neuronal damage. 
E)  People receive a rabies vaccine in their childhood. Giving a vaccine after exposure to the virus quickly boosts their memory cell populations, protecting them.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meningococcus?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a diplococcus. 
B)  It is an encapsulated bacterium. 
C)  It can vary its surface antigens. 
D)  It uses pili for attachment to mucosal epithelium. 
E)  Antigenic variation prevents the development of a vaccine. 
A)  It is a diplococcus. 
B)  It is an encapsulated bacterium. 
C)  It can vary its surface antigens. 
D)  It uses pili for attachment to mucosal epithelium. 
E)  Antigenic variation prevents the development of a vaccine.

Question 14

Why is PPSV23 not an effective vaccine for protecting children against pneumococcal meningitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children never get pneumococcal meningitis. They get typically get meningococcal meningitis, which is less severe. 
B)  The vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides, and children do not mount a strong immune response against T-independent antigens. 
C)  PPSV23 is an attenuated vaccine and children cannot be given this type of vaccine because they are high risk of contracting the disease rather than being protected from it. 
D)  Pneumococcus causes pneumonia in children, not meningitis. Children could receive this vaccine but it is unnecessary because pneumonia is less severe than meningitis. 
E)  The vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides, and children do not mount a strong immune response against T-dependent antigens. 
A)  Children never get pneumococcal meningitis. They get typically get meningococcal meningitis, which is less severe. 
B)  The vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides, and children do not mount a strong immune response against T-independent antigens. 
C)  PPSV23 is an attenuated vaccine and children cannot be given this type of vaccine because they are high risk of contracting the disease rather than being protected from it. 
D)  Pneumococcus causes pneumonia in children, not meningitis. Children could receive this vaccine but it is unnecessary because pneumonia is less severe than meningitis. 
E)  The vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides, and children do not mount a strong immune response against T-dependent antigens.

Question 15

Stained smears of the surface of the eye might be useful in diagnosing

Accepted Answer

A)  influenza. 
B)  rabies. 
C)  herpes. 
D)  polio. 
E)  encephalitis. 
A)  influenza. 
B)  rabies. 
C)  herpes. 
D)  polio. 
E)  encephalitis.

Question 16

Intestinal botulism, especially in infants, has been linked to ingestion of

Accepted Answer

A)  seafood. 
B)  honey. 
C)  milk. 
D)  applesauce. 
E)  syrup. 
A)  seafood. 
B)  honey. 
C)  milk. 
D)  applesauce. 
E)  syrup.

Question 17

Viral meningitis is much more common than bacterial meningitis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system (CNS) is called meningitis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What underlying infection should a physician immediately suspect when confronted with a patient with confirmed cryptococcal meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Influenza infection. Influenza virus and C. neoformans are frequently transmitted together in respiratory droplets. 
B)  HIV infection/disease. People with healthy immune systems generally fend off this fungal infection before it becomes clinically symptomatic. 
C)  Varicella zoster virus (chicken pox). During the incubation period for chicken pox, C. neoformans has an increased ability to colonize the respiratory tract. 
D)  Syphilis. This sexually-transmitted illness depletes CD4+ helper T cells that are necessary to directly attack the fungal infection of C. neoformans. 
E)  Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. The causative agent of PAM also causes cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. 
A)  Influenza infection. Influenza virus and C. neoformans are frequently transmitted together in respiratory droplets. 
B)  HIV infection/disease. People with healthy immune systems generally fend off this fungal infection before it becomes clinically symptomatic. 
C)  Varicella zoster virus (chicken pox). During the incubation period for chicken pox, C. neoformans has an increased ability to colonize the respiratory tract. 
D)  Syphilis. This sexually-transmitted illness depletes CD4+ helper T cells that are necessary to directly attack the fungal infection of C. neoformans. 
E)  Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. The causative agent of PAM also causes cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

Question 20

The more severe form of African sleeping sickness is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  Gambian form. 
B)  Rhodesian form. 
C)  Guyanan form. 
D)  Brazilian form. 
E)  Zambian form. 
A)  Gambian form. 
B)  Rhodesian form. 
C)  Guyanan form. 
D)  Brazilian form. 
E)  Zambian form.

Exam 26: Nervous System Infections

The principal mode of transmission of rabies virus is through

The membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord are known as the

Which is true about C. botulinum?

The cavities inside the brain are termed

The limited type of leprosy in which cell-mediated immunity suppresses proliferation of the bacilli is called

Immunosuppressed patients who test positive for antibody to T. gondii always have an active infection.

To determine the causative agent of a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a sample is taken from the

The transmission of M. leprae is by

Which of these descriptions does NOT apply to the pathogenesis of meningitis?

An infection of the membranes covering the brain is called

The meningococcus attaches to the mucous membrane via ________.

Why is it possible to prevent rabies with vaccine given after exposure to the virus?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meningococcus?

Why is PPSV23 not an effective vaccine for protecting children against pneumococcal meningitis?

Stained smears of the surface of the eye might be useful in diagnosing

Intestinal botulism, especially in infants, has been linked to ingestion of

Viral meningitis is much more common than bacterial meningitis.

Inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system (CNS) is called meningitis.

What underlying infection should a physician immediately suspect when confronted with a patient with confirmed cryptococcal meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, and why?

The more severe form of African sleeping sickness is called the

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

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