Question 1

The genetic component of variance for narrow sense heritability includes

Accepted Answer

A)  additive effects. 
B)  dominance effects. 
C)  G × E interactions. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c 
A)  additive effects. 
B)  dominance effects. 
C)  G × E interactions. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c

Question 2

Stalk-eyed flies are so named because their eyes are situated at the end of long stalks extending away from their head. Stalk length is a quantitative trait that is variable in populations. Describe the steps you would need to take in order to find quantitative trait loci linked to differences in eye stalk length.

Accepted Answer

To find quantitative trait loci (QTL) li

Question 3

Given the warming climate, you are interested in how seed production of a certain plant species is affected by temperature. In particular, you are interested in whether seed production shows a plastic response to temperature and, if so, whether there is the possibility for adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change. Please describe the steps that would be needed to demonstrate that there is the capacity for adaptive evolution in the population you are studying.

Accepted Answer

To demonstrate the capacity for adaptive

Question 4

As a result of warming climate, most butterfly species in California mature 24 days sooner than they did 30 years ago.
(a) Please describe a scenario that would account for this change through phenotypic plasticity.
(b) Please describe a scenario that would account for this change through evolution by natural selection.

Accepted Answer

(a) Phenotypic plasticity refers to the

Question 5

Which of the following scenarios best describes how you would study reaction norms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rear genetically similar organisms under different environmental conditions. 
B)  Randomly breed individuals together and measure the phenotype of their offspring. 
C)  Allow individuals from different populations to mate and observe the offspring phenotypes. 
D)  Raise individuals under different environmental conditions than they were born in. 
A)  Rear genetically similar organisms under different environmental conditions. 
B)  Randomly breed individuals together and measure the phenotype of their offspring. 
C)  Allow individuals from different populations to mate and observe the offspring phenotypes. 
D)  Raise individuals under different environmental conditions than they were born in.

Question 6

What does VG×E represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  the genetic variance associated with epistatic effects 
B)  genotype variation caused by linkage disequilibrium 
C)  the variance in how genotypes interact with their environment 
D)  phenotypic variation resulting from genetically programmed responses 
A)  the genetic variance associated with epistatic effects 
B)  genotype variation caused by linkage disequilibrium 
C)  the variance in how genotypes interact with their environment 
D)  phenotypic variation resulting from genetically programmed responses

Question 7

The greyhound is a dog breed known for its amazing speed. This breed was produced by taking the fastest animals and breeding them together, generation after generation. Though artificial, this is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  stabilizing selection 
B)  disruptive selection 
C)  overdominance 
D)  directional selection 
E)  underdominance 
A)  stabilizing selection 
B)  disruptive selection 
C)  overdominance 
D)  directional selection 
E)  underdominance

Question 8

Scientists studying a species of fish using quantitative trait locus analysis found that fishes with paternal alleles at a marker have larger body sizes than fishes with maternal alleles at the marker. This suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  the alleles controlling body size are in a state of linkage disequilibrium. 
B)  the genetic marker itself has a direct effect on body size. 
C)  the loci that affect body size may be nearby the marker. 
D)  fish body size is a highly heritable trait. 
A)  the alleles controlling body size are in a state of linkage disequilibrium. 
B)  the genetic marker itself has a direct effect on body size. 
C)  the loci that affect body size may be nearby the marker. 
D)  fish body size is a highly heritable trait.

Question 9

Each graph below depicts reaction norms for three different genotypes reared in different environments. In which case(s) is/are there a capacity for phenotypic plasticity to further evolve (you can assume that graphs for parents and their offspring would be the same)? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Each graph below depicts reaction norms for...

Question 10

If VG×E > 0,

Accepted Answer

A)  there is genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. 
B)  phenotypic plasticity is at least partially heritable. 
C)  genotypes would need to be grown in different environments to achieve a true estimate of narrow sense heritability. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  there is genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. 
B)  phenotypic plasticity is at least partially heritable. 
C)  genotypes would need to be grown in different environments to achieve a true estimate of narrow sense heritability. 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Question 11

If A1 represents an allele at one locus and B1 represents an allele at another locus, which equation represents linkage disequilibrium?

Accepted Answer

A)  $P _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } = P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
B)  $P _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } \neq P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
C)  $D _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } \neq P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
D)  $D _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } = P _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } - P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
A)  $P _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } = P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
B)  $P _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } \neq P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
C)  $D _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } \neq P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$ 
D)  $D _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } = P _ { A _ { 1 } B _ { 1 } } - P _ { A _ { 1 } } * P _ { B _ { 1 } }$

Question 12

The total variance in a phenotypic trait in a population (VP ) is accurately expressed as

Accepted Answer

A)  VP = VG + VE. 
B)  VP = VA + VD + VI. 
C)  VP = VA + VD + VI + VE. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a and c 
A)  VP = VG + VE. 
B)  VP = VA + VD + VI. 
C)  VP = VA + VD + VI + VE. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a and c

Question 13

Each graph below shows the phenotype produced by three different genotypes in different environmental conditions (each line is a genotype). For each graph write "plasticity" or "no plasticity" depending on whether the graph depicts phenotypic plasticity. Also, write "G × E" or "no G × E" depending on whether the graph depicts a genotype by environment interaction.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Each graph below shows the phenotype produced...

Question 14

You are studying the effect of directional selection on body height in three populations (a, b, and c) below.   (a) What is the selection differential? Show your calculation.
(b) Which population has the highest narrow sense heritability for height? Explain your answer.
(c) If you examined the offspring in the next generation in each population, which population would have the highest mean height? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are studying the effect of directional...

Question 15

If the heritability of a trait in a population is low,

Accepted Answer

A)  few individuals have the trait. 
B)  most of the phenotypic variation for the trait in the population is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals. 
C)  most of the phenotypic variation for the trait in the population is due to genetic differences among individuals. 
D)  there are no genes that code for the trait. 
E)  b and d 
A)  few individuals have the trait. 
B)  most of the phenotypic variation for the trait in the population is due to environmental differences experienced by individuals. 
C)  most of the phenotypic variation for the trait in the population is due to genetic differences among individuals. 
D)  there are no genes that code for the trait. 
E)  b and d

Question 16

The residues ("tailings") of mines often contain such high concentrations of toxic metals (e.g., copper, lead) that most plants are unable to grow on them. However, some hardy species (e.g., certain grasses) are able to spread from the surrounding uncontaminated soil into such areas. These plants evolve resistance to the toxic metals, while their ability to grow on uncontaminated soil decreases. Because grasses are wind pollinated, breeding between the resistant and nonresistant populations continues, but offspring of crosses between the two populations are intermediate and have low fitness. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  stabilizing selection. 
B)  directional selection. 
C)  frequency-dependent selection. 
D)  disruptive selection. 
E)  underdominance. 
A)  stabilizing selection. 
B)  directional selection. 
C)  frequency-dependent selection. 
D)  disruptive selection. 
E)  underdominance.

Question 17

The selection differential for a quantitative trait is ____________. Assuming heritability is the same in all cases, a larger selection differential ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the amount that the mean of the trait changes in the next generation; means there was more change in the trait between generations 
B)  the difference between the mean for the trait in the original population and the mean of those individuals that reproduced; means there will be more change in the trait in the next generation 
C)  the difference between the mean for the trait in the original population and the mean of those individuals that reproduced; means there will be less change in the trait in the next generation 
D)  the amount that the mean of the trait changes in the next generation; means there was less change in the trait between generations 
A)  the amount that the mean of the trait changes in the next generation; means there was more change in the trait between generations 
B)  the difference between the mean for the trait in the original population and the mean of those individuals that reproduced; means there will be more change in the trait in the next generation 
C)  the difference between the mean for the trait in the original population and the mean of those individuals that reproduced; means there will be less change in the trait in the next generation 
D)  the amount that the mean of the trait changes in the next generation; means there was less change in the trait between generations

Question 18

The heritability of a trait describes

Accepted Answer

A)  the proportion of phenotypic variation in the population that is due to genetic differences between individuals. 
B)  whether selection on a trait will result in evolutionary change. 
C)  the proportion of an individual's phenotype that is due to its genotype. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c 
A)  the proportion of phenotypic variation in the population that is due to genetic differences between individuals. 
B)  whether selection on a trait will result in evolutionary change. 
C)  the proportion of an individual's phenotype that is due to its genotype. 
D)  a and b 
E)  a, b, and c

Question 19

Agree or disagree with the following statement and explain your answer: If a trait such as height has high narrow sense heritability (say 0.7), this means that genetics is more important than environment in determining the height of any given individual.

Accepted Answer

I disagree with the statement. High narr

Question 20

How is linkage disequilibrium used as a tool for determining the genetic basis of complex phenotypic traits?

Accepted Answer

Linkage disequilibrium is used as a tool

The genetic component of variance for narrow sense heritability includes

Which of the following scenarios best describes how you would study reaction norms?

What does V_G×E represent?

The greyhound is a dog breed known for its amazing speed. This breed was produced by taking the fastest animals and breeding them together, generation after generation. Though artificial, this is an example of __________.

Scientists studying a species of fish using quantitative trait locus analysis found that fishes with paternal alleles at a marker have larger body sizes than fishes with maternal alleles at the marker. This suggests that

Each graph below depicts reaction norms for three different genotypes reared in different environments. In which case(s) is/are there a capacity for phenotypic plasticity to further evolve (you can assume that graphs for parents and their offspring would be the same)? Explain your answer.

If V_G×E > 0,

If A₁ represents an allele at one locus and B₁ represents an allele at another locus, which equation represents linkage disequilibrium?

The total variance in a phenotypic trait in a population (V_P ) is accurately expressed as

If the heritability of a trait in a population is low,

The selection differential for a quantitative trait is __. Assuming heritability is the same in all cases, a larger selection differential _.

The heritability of a trait describes

Agree or disagree with the following statement and explain your answer: If a trait such as height has high narrow sense heritability (say 0.7), this means that genetics is more important than environment in determining the height of any given individual.

How is linkage disequilibrium used as a tool for determining the genetic basis of complex phenotypic traits?

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

The History in Our Genes

From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

Filters

Exam 7: Beyond Alleles: Quantitative Genetics and the Evolution of Phenotypes

The genetic component of variance for narrow sense heritability includes

Which of the following scenarios best describes how you would study reaction norms?

What does VG×E represent?

The greyhound is a dog breed known for its amazing speed. This breed was produced by taking the fastest animals and breeding them together, generation after generation. Though artificial, this is an example of __________.

Scientists studying a species of fish using quantitative trait locus analysis found that fishes with paternal alleles at a marker have larger body sizes than fishes with maternal alleles at the marker. This suggests that

Each graph below depicts reaction norms for three different genotypes reared in different environments. In which case(s) is/are there a capacity for phenotypic plasticity to further evolve (you can assume that graphs for parents and their offspring would be the same)? Explain your answer.

If VG×E > 0,

If A1 represents an allele at one locus and B1 represents an allele at another locus, which equation represents linkage disequilibrium?

The total variance in a phenotypic trait in a population (VP ) is accurately expressed as

If the heritability of a trait in a population is low,

The selection differential for a quantitative trait is ____________. Assuming heritability is the same in all cases, a larger selection differential ___________.

The heritability of a trait describes

Agree or disagree with the following statement and explain your answer: If a trait such as height has high narrow sense heritability (say 0.7), this means that genetics is more important than environment in determining the height of any given individual.

How is linkage disequilibrium used as a tool for determining the genetic basis of complex phenotypic traits?

The Whale and the Virus: How Scientists Study Evolution

From Natural Philosophy to Darwin: a Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas

What the Rocks Say: How Geology and Paleontology Reveal the History of Life

The Tree of Life: How Biologists Use Phylogeny to Reconstruct the Deep Past

Raw Material: Heritable Variation Among Individuals

The Ways of Change: Drift and Selection

The History in Our Genes

From Genes to Traits: the Evolution of Genetic Networks and Development

Natural Selection: Empirical Studies in the Wild

Sex: Causes and Consequences

After Conception: the Evolution of Life History and Parental Care

The Origin of Species

Macroevolution: the Long Run

Intimate Partnerships: How Species Adapt to Each Other

Brains and Behavior

Human Evolution: a New Kind of Ape

Evolutionary Medicine

Filters

What does V_G×E represent?

If V_G×E > 0,

If A₁ represents an allele at one locus and B₁ represents an allele at another locus, which equation represents linkage disequilibrium?

The total variance in a phenotypic trait in a population (V_P ) is accurately expressed as

The selection differential for a quantitative trait is __. Assuming heritability is the same in all cases, a larger selection differential _.