Question 1

Which of the following techniques is used to provide precise information about the time-course of linguistic processing events?

Accepted Answer

A)  lesioning 
B)  ERP 
C)  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
D)  eye tracking 
A)  lesioning 
B)  ERP 
C)  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
D)  eye tracking

Question 2

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the whole-language approach to reading?

Accepted Answer

A)  Matthias: "Teachers should emphasize the meaning of a story, so that children would be eager to learn to read." 
B)  Mark: "Teachers should emphasize the gestalt of each word, in other words, the whole word, rather than just a collection of letters." 
C)  Becca: "Teachers should read interesting books to children, so that children can appreciate how stories are constructed." 
D)  KayLyn: "Teachers should provide extensive background information on a story, before the children try to read the text." 
A)  Matthias: "Teachers should emphasize the meaning of a story, so that children would be eager to learn to read." 
B)  Mark: "Teachers should emphasize the gestalt of each word, in other words, the whole word, rather than just a collection of letters." 
C)  Becca: "Teachers should read interesting books to children, so that children can appreciate how stories are constructed." 
D)  KayLyn: "Teachers should provide extensive background information on a story, before the children try to read the text."

Question 3

Imagine that you are reading a short story about two students named Chris and Freddie. As you read this story, you find that you are trying to figure out why Chris is avoiding Freddie, and how Freddie must feel about this avoidance. These cognitive efforts would be most consistent with which of the following views of reading?

Accepted Answer

A)  The indirect-access route 
B)  The phonetic module hypothesis 
C)  The constructionist view of inferences. 
D)  Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics 
A)  The indirect-access route 
B)  The phonetic module hypothesis 
C)  The constructionist view of inferences. 
D)  Chomsky's approach to psycholinguistics

Question 4

The basic units of meaning in a language are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  words. 
B)  phonemes. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  syntax. 
A)  words. 
B)  phonemes. 
C)  morphemes. 
D)  syntax.

Question 5

During the past decade, researchers have increasingly used the ____ technique to investigate language in humans.

Accepted Answer

A)  lesioning 
B)  ERP 
C)  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
D)  eye tracking 
A)  lesioning 
B)  ERP 
C)  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 
D)  eye tracking

Question 6

The phrase "theory of mind" refers to our tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)  try to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives. 
B)  try to figure out our own motivation for our actions. 
C)  analyze behavior in terms of rewards and punishments. 
D)  emphasize the surface structure of language over the deep structure. 
A)  try to figure out the mental state of other people in our lives. 
B)  try to figure out our own motivation for our actions. 
C)  analyze behavior in terms of rewards and punishments. 
D)  emphasize the surface structure of language over the deep structure.

Question 7

You hear that a friend works in a "small machinery store," and you do not know whether "small" describes the size of the store or the size of the machinery in the store. This situation is called

Accepted Answer

A)  indirect access. 
B)  a nested structure. 
C)  pragmatics. 
D)  ambiguity. 
A)  indirect access. 
B)  a nested structure. 
C)  pragmatics. 
D)  ambiguity.

Question 8

According to the current explanation for how we process an ambiguous word,

Accepted Answer

A)  we typically ignore ambiguity until after we have completely processed the sentence. 
B)  context constrains the activation of alternative meanings from the very beginning of processing. Therefore, many alternative meanings are never really considered. 
C)  activation builds up equally for all meanings of an ambiguous item. 
D)  initially activation builds up for the most familiar meanings of a word; then context helps to eliminate the irrelevant meanings. 
A)  we typically ignore ambiguity until after we have completely processed the sentence. 
B)  context constrains the activation of alternative meanings from the very beginning of processing. Therefore, many alternative meanings are never really considered. 
C)  activation builds up equally for all meanings of an ambiguous item. 
D)  initially activation builds up for the most familiar meanings of a word; then context helps to eliminate the irrelevant meanings.

Question 9

Chapter 9 describes the mirror system. This system could be relevant in neurolinguistics because mirror neurons:

Accepted Answer

A)  are especially important when we want to produce language. 
B)  may allow some access to languages other than English. 
C)  may be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting. 
D)  illustrate a new strategy for assessing lateralization. 
A)  are especially important when we want to produce language. 
B)  may allow some access to languages other than English. 
C)  may be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting. 
D)  illustrate a new strategy for assessing lateralization.

Question 10

Inferences drawn beyond the level of a paragraph-for example, inferences based on the genre of the book that we are reading, or based on our preferences for how we want a story to end-are called

Accepted Answer

A)  higher-level inferences. 
B)  discourse-level inferences. 
C)  metacognitive inferences. 
D)  bottom-up processes. 
A)  higher-level inferences. 
B)  discourse-level inferences. 
C)  metacognitive inferences. 
D)  bottom-up processes.

Question 11

In general, the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize

Accepted Answer

A)  speech perception. 
B)  the interpretation of the emotional tone of a message. 
C)  the division of a word into morphemes. 
D)  the concrete information conveyed in a sentence. 
A)  speech perception. 
B)  the interpretation of the emotional tone of a message. 
C)  the division of a word into morphemes. 
D)  the concrete information conveyed in a sentence.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the passive voice is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  A sentence using the passive voice typically has a very different meaning than a sentence using the active voice. 
B)  We use the passive voice and the active voice equally often in English. 
C)  People understand a sentence more quickly if the sentence is active, rather than passive. 
D)  Writing manuals often encourage scientists to write in the passive voice in order to appear more scholarly. 
A)  A sentence using the passive voice typically has a very different meaning than a sentence using the active voice. 
B)  We use the passive voice and the active voice equally often in English. 
C)  People understand a sentence more quickly if the sentence is active, rather than passive. 
D)  Writing manuals often encourage scientists to write in the passive voice in order to appear more scholarly.

Question 13

According to the research on understanding sentences,

Accepted Answer

A)  negative sentences are easier to understand than affirmative sentences. 
B)  when a sentence has several negative terms, people's understanding of the sentence is only slightly better than guessing or chance level. 
C)  ambiguous sentences are easy to understand, unless they are in the passive voice. 
D)  the voice of a sentence (active vs. passive) does not influence understanding. 
A)  negative sentences are easier to understand than affirmative sentences. 
B)  when a sentence has several negative terms, people's understanding of the sentence is only slightly better than guessing or chance level. 
C)  ambiguous sentences are easy to understand, unless they are in the passive voice. 
D)  the voice of a sentence (active vs. passive) does not influence understanding.

Question 14

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement comparing reading and the comprehension of spoken language?

Accepted Answer

A)  Courtney: "The processes of reading and comprehending spoken language are remarkably similar, and involve the same brain processes." 
B)  Tomas: "Readers can see discrete boundaries between words, whereas listeners often encounter unclear boundaries in spoken language." 
C)  Maria-Carla: "Children require elaborate teaching to master both written and spoken languages." 
D)  Eric: "Adult readers typically learn new words more quickly when they appear in a spoken form, rather than a written form." 
A)  Courtney: "The processes of reading and comprehending spoken language are remarkably similar, and involve the same brain processes." 
B)  Tomas: "Readers can see discrete boundaries between words, whereas listeners often encounter unclear boundaries in spoken language." 
C)  Maria-Carla: "Children require elaborate teaching to master both written and spoken languages." 
D)  Eric: "Adult readers typically learn new words more quickly when they appear in a spoken form, rather than a written form."

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychology 
B)  "I before E, except after C" 
C)  th 
D)  Dogs bark 
A)  Psychology 
B)  "I before E, except after C" 
C)  th 
D)  Dogs bark

Question 16

The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that

Accepted Answer

A)  speakers typically use language skillfully, which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message. 
B)  speakers realize that people are especially skilled at understanding nested language. 
C)  linguistic information is processed by isolated parts of the brain that are not connected with other brain regions. 
D)  the right hemisphere of the brain functions differently than the left hemisphere. 
A)  speakers typically use language skillfully, which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message. 
B)  speakers realize that people are especially skilled at understanding nested language. 
C)  linguistic information is processed by isolated parts of the brain that are not connected with other brain regions. 
D)  the right hemisphere of the brain functions differently than the left hemisphere.

Question 17

When a sentence in a written passage contains an ambiguous word,

Accepted Answer

A)  people typically do not notice the ambiguity until they have finished reading the entire sentence. 
B)  people apparently access only the best-known meaning of that word. 
C)  people are highly unlikely to notice that the word may be ambiguous. 
D)  people typically pause while they process the ambiguous word. 
A)  people typically do not notice the ambiguity until they have finished reading the entire sentence. 
B)  people apparently access only the best-known meaning of that word. 
C)  people are highly unlikely to notice that the word may be ambiguous. 
D)  people typically pause while they process the ambiguous word.

Question 18

Which of the following research topics would be most likely to emphasize the discourse aspect of language?

Accepted Answer

A)  Do people create shorter sentences when requesting something from a friend, rather than a stranger? 
B)  At what age do children begin to create two-word phrases? 
C)  Does the phonics approach increase children's ability to pronounce English words? 
D)  Under what circumstances will students be able to identify a theme in a short story? 
A)  Do people create shorter sentences when requesting something from a friend, rather than a stranger? 
B)  At what age do children begin to create two-word phrases? 
C)  Does the phonics approach increase children's ability to pronounce English words? 
D)  Under what circumstances will students be able to identify a theme in a short story?

Question 19

Units of language such as pre-, sound and -s are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  phonemes. 
B)  morphemes. 
C)  syntax. 
D)  semantics. 
A)  phonemes. 
B)  morphemes. 
C)  syntax. 
D)  semantics.

Question 20

People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading

Accepted Answer

A)  when researchers examine backward inferences rather than forward inferences. 
B)  when readers have a large working-memory capacity. 
C)  when they learned to read according to the whole-word approach. 
D)  when they read scientific texts. 
A)  when researchers examine backward inferences rather than forward inferences. 
B)  when readers have a large working-memory capacity. 
C)  when they learned to read according to the whole-word approach. 
D)  when they read scientific texts.

Which of the following techniques is used to provide precise information about the time-course of linguistic processing events?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the whole-language approach to reading?

The basic units of meaning in a language are known as

During the past decade, researchers have increasingly used the ____ technique to investigate language in humans.

The phrase "theory of mind" refers to our tendency to

You hear that a friend works in a "small machinery store," and you do not know whether "small" describes the size of the store or the size of the machinery in the store. This situation is called

According to the current explanation for how we process an ambiguous word,

Chapter 9 describes the mirror system. This system could be relevant in neurolinguistics because mirror neurons:

Inferences drawn beyond the level of a paragraph-for example, inferences based on the genre of the book that we are reading, or based on our preferences for how we want a story to end-are called

In general, the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize

Which of the following statements about the passive voice is correct?

According to the research on understanding sentences,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement comparing reading and the comprehension of spoken language?

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?

The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that

When a sentence in a written passage contains an ambiguous word,

Which of the following research topics would be most likely to emphasize the discourse aspect of language?

Units of language such as pre-, sound and -s are known as

People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 9: Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Which of the following techniques is used to provide precise information about the time-course of linguistic processing events?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the whole-language approach to reading?

The basic units of meaning in a language are known as

During the past decade, researchers have increasingly used the ____ technique to investigate language in humans.

The phrase "theory of mind" refers to our tendency to

You hear that a friend works in a "small machinery store," and you do not know whether "small" describes the size of the store or the size of the machinery in the store. This situation is called

According to the current explanation for how we process an ambiguous word,

Chapter 9 describes the mirror system. This system could be relevant in neurolinguistics because mirror neurons:

Inferences drawn beyond the level of a paragraph-for example, inferences based on the genre of the book that we are reading, or based on our preferences for how we want a story to end-are called

In general, the right hemisphere of the brain is more likely than the left hemisphere to emphasize

Which of the following statements about the passive voice is correct?

According to the research on understanding sentences,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement comparing reading and the comprehension of spoken language?

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?

The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that

When a sentence in a written passage contains an ambiguous word,

Which of the following research topics would be most likely to emphasize the discourse aspect of language?

Units of language such as pre-, sound and -s are known as

People are especially likely to draw inferences during reading

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters