Question 1

The concept called "feeling of knowing"

Accepted Answer

A)  describes how confident you are that you provided the right answer on a test. 
B)  is an estimate of the likelihood that you will recognize the correct answer to a question. 
C)  is more closely related to retrospective memory than to metamemory. 
D)  is not significantly correlated with the amount of partial information we can retrieve. 
A)  describes how confident you are that you provided the right answer on a test. 
B)  is an estimate of the likelihood that you will recognize the correct answer to a question. 
C)  is more closely related to retrospective memory than to metamemory. 
D)  is not significantly correlated with the amount of partial information we can retrieve.

Question 2

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipate-in advance-the problems with a study. 
B)  Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity. 
C)  Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device. 
D)  Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well in a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material. 
A)  A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipate-in advance-the problems with a study. 
B)  Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity. 
C)  Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device. 
D)  Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well in a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material.

Question 3

Chapter 6 discusses the accuracy of people's metamemory for pairs of words on an item-by-item basis. This research suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  people are not very accurate in guessing which pairs of words they are likely to recall at a later time. 
B)  people clearly underestimate their ability to recall pairs of words at a later time. 
C)  people are more accurate when predicting on an "item-by-item" basis as compared to an overall score basis. 
D)  people have fairly accurate metamemory when the stimuli are pairs of words. 
A)  people are not very accurate in guessing which pairs of words they are likely to recall at a later time. 
B)  people clearly underestimate their ability to recall pairs of words at a later time. 
C)  people are more accurate when predicting on an "item-by-item" basis as compared to an overall score basis. 
D)  people have fairly accurate metamemory when the stimuli are pairs of words.

Question 4

Research on divided attention suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  your memory for details learned while reading a textbook will not be affected if you listen to popular vocal music (with lyrics) while reading. 
B)  students who use Internet access in lecture rooms to "take breaks" to check email or text messages perform better than students who focus all of their mental efforts on the lecture only. 
C)  some students perform better while multitasking than they do while focusing all of their attention on one task. 
D)  distractions such as email and Facebook prevent students from remembering a lecture as effectively as they might remember without distraction. 
A)  your memory for details learned while reading a textbook will not be affected if you listen to popular vocal music (with lyrics) while reading. 
B)  students who use Internet access in lecture rooms to "take breaks" to check email or text messages perform better than students who focus all of their mental efforts on the lecture only. 
C)  some students perform better while multitasking than they do while focusing all of their attention on one task. 
D)  distractions such as email and Facebook prevent students from remembering a lecture as effectively as they might remember without distraction.

Question 5

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Keyword method 
B)  Method of loci 
C)  Chunking method 
D)  Source monitoring 
A)  Keyword method 
B)  Method of loci 
C)  Chunking method 
D)  Source monitoring

Question 6

According to research on desirable difficulties, you should wait at least _____ between study sessions in order to maximize long-term retention.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 minutes 
B)  half an hour 
C)  2 hours 
D)  1 day 
A)  5 minutes 
B)  half an hour 
C)  2 hours 
D)  1 day

Question 7

Lori types her notes on her laptop during her professor's lectures, but she also checks her email and monitors Facebook at the same time. Although Lori insists that she's a good multitasker, Steve informs her that she would remember the material better if she closed her email and browser during class. Steve's good advice is based on knowledge of

Accepted Answer

A)  working memory. 
B)  divided attention. 
C)  levels of processing. 
D)  encoding specificity. 
A)  working memory. 
B)  divided attention. 
C)  levels of processing. 
D)  encoding specificity.

Question 8

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the students consistently overestimated how well they had performed. 
B)  the students consistently underestimated how well they had performed. 
C)  the students with the lowest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. 
D)  the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. 
A)  the students consistently overestimated how well they had performed. 
B)  the students consistently underestimated how well they had performed. 
C)  the students with the lowest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. 
D)  the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores.

Question 9

How is the tip-of-the-tongue experience relevant to metacognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  People can provide accurate introspections about the way their semantic memory is organized. 
B)  People are more accurate in supplying a similar-sounding word than a similar-meaning word. 
C)  When people report a tip-of-the-tongue state, they accurately assess that they are close to identifying the missing word. 
D)  People can accurately describe the process by which they recover a word that was previously on the tip of their tongue. 
A)  People can provide accurate introspections about the way their semantic memory is organized. 
B)  People are more accurate in supplying a similar-sounding word than a similar-meaning word. 
C)  When people report a tip-of-the-tongue state, they accurately assess that they are close to identifying the missing word. 
D)  People can accurately describe the process by which they recover a word that was previously on the tip of their tongue.

Question 10

Researchers have conducted many studies about how students allocate their time, when studying for an exam. In general, these studies show that

Accepted Answer

A)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
B)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying easy material. 
C)  with time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
D)  with time pressure, students tend to study randomly, without using strategies about which items to focus on. 
A)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
B)  without time pressure, students spend more time studying easy material. 
C)  with time pressure, students spend more time studying difficult material. 
D)  with time pressure, students tend to study randomly, without using strategies about which items to focus on.

Question 11

According to the discussion of metacomprehension,

Accepted Answer

A)  college students do not need special training in this area, because their metacomprehension is reasonably accurate. 
B)  metacomprehension can be improved when students receive feedback about their understanding before they take a test. 
C)  good readers and poor readers do not differ in their awareness of reading strategies. 
D)  metacomprehension is basically the same as meta-analysis. 
A)  college students do not need special training in this area, because their metacomprehension is reasonably accurate. 
B)  metacomprehension can be improved when students receive feedback about their understanding before they take a test. 
C)  good readers and poor readers do not differ in their awareness of reading strategies. 
D)  metacomprehension is basically the same as meta-analysis.

Question 12

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of

Accepted Answer

A)  the encoding-specificity principle. 
B)  the self-reference principle. 
C)  the Pollyanna Principle. 
D)  the shallow-rehearsal technique. 
A)  the encoding-specificity principle. 
B)  the self-reference principle. 
C)  the Pollyanna Principle. 
D)  the shallow-rehearsal technique.

Question 13

Suppose that you hear a lecture about memory improvement, and the speaker says, "We must remember the value of desirable difficulties." The speaker is likely to emphasize that

Accepted Answer

A)  academic tests must be difficult enough to differentiate between the students who deserve A's and the students who deserve lower grades. 
B)  professors who want to assess their academic programs must be sure that the courses are sufficiently difficult. 
C)  students' motivation will be higher if they are allowed to select the appropriate level of difficulty for the material in a course they are taking. 
D)  if students test themselves several minutes after learning some material, they will make more errors, which will encourage them to spend more time studying. 
A)  academic tests must be difficult enough to differentiate between the students who deserve A's and the students who deserve lower grades. 
B)  professors who want to assess their academic programs must be sure that the courses are sufficiently difficult. 
C)  students' motivation will be higher if they are allowed to select the appropriate level of difficulty for the material in a course they are taking. 
D)  if students test themselves several minutes after learning some material, they will make more errors, which will encourage them to spend more time studying.

Question 14

Deep processing increases distinctiveness, which can be especially important in learning

Accepted Answer

A)  formulas. 
B)  complex theories. 
C)  names. 
D)  the order of discoveries. 
A)  formulas. 
B)  complex theories. 
C)  names. 
D)  the order of discoveries.

Question 15

Part of the section on metamemory examined how students regulate their study strategies. If you are typical of the college students discussed in that section-and the task is relatively easy-you would be likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  spend somewhat more time on the more difficult material, but not as much time as it deserves. 
B)  fail to review the material you already know. 
C)  show no relationship between study time and the difficulty of the material. 
D)  spend roughly three times as long on difficult topics as on the topics you already know. 
A)  spend somewhat more time on the more difficult material, but not as much time as it deserves. 
B)  fail to review the material you already know. 
C)  show no relationship between study time and the difficulty of the material. 
D)  spend roughly three times as long on difficult topics as on the topics you already know.

Question 16

Suppose that you are studying for a vocabulary test, and you want to accurately predict your score in that test. Your prediction accuracy would be highest if you

Accepted Answer

A)  tested yourself immediately after learning the words. 
B)  tested yourself several minutes after learning the words. 
C)  estimate how many words you already knew before beginning to study. 
D)  figure out-in advance-whether you typically have trouble on vocabulary tests. 
A)  tested yourself immediately after learning the words. 
B)  tested yourself several minutes after learning the words. 
C)  estimate how many words you already knew before beginning to study. 
D)  figure out-in advance-whether you typically have trouble on vocabulary tests.

Question 17

An instructor makes online practice quizzes available to her students in order to help them study for the midterm exam. She allows the students to take each practice quiz more than once, but requires them to wait at least one day between attempts. She is trying to help students by making use of the principle of

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding specificity. 
B)  levels of processing. 
C)  desirable difficulties. 
D)  massed learning. 
A)  encoding specificity. 
B)  levels of processing. 
C)  desirable difficulties. 
D)  massed learning.

Question 18

Research on the testing effect suggests that the beneficial effects of testing

Accepted Answer

A)  are limited by encoding specificity to testing formats that are the same as those originally used. 
B)  involve helping you to identify the material on which you need to spend more time studying, but do not actually increase your memory for the material on which you have been tested. 
C)  work only when accurate feedback is promptly given. 
D)  stretch beyond increased memory for the same information in the same testing format. 
A)  are limited by encoding specificity to testing formats that are the same as those originally used. 
B)  involve helping you to identify the material on which you need to spend more time studying, but do not actually increase your memory for the material on which you have been tested. 
C)  work only when accurate feedback is promptly given. 
D)  stretch beyond increased memory for the same information in the same testing format.

Question 19

Absentminded behavior is most likely to occur

Accepted Answer

A)  when you are performing a very important behavior. 
B)  when you are performing a source-monitoring task. 
C)  when you are performing a routine activity, but you are thinking about the separate steps involved in the action. 
D)  when a prospective-memory task requires you to interrupt a routine activity. 
A)  when you are performing a very important behavior. 
B)  when you are performing a source-monitoring task. 
C)  when you are performing a routine activity, but you are thinking about the separate steps involved in the action. 
D)  when a prospective-memory task requires you to interrupt a routine activity.

Question 20

Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sue: "Metacognition refers to people's beliefs about other people; in contrast, self-knowledge is a broad term that refers to people's beliefs about themselves." 
B)  Audrey: "Metacognition refers to your knowledge about your cognitive skills; self-knowledge is a general term that includes a wide variety of beliefs about yourself." 
C)  Timoteo: "Metacognition refers to your study strategies; in contrast, self-knowledge refers to your knowledge about whether you will be able to apply those study strategies." 
D)  Sergei: "Metacognition refers to your prediction about your past performance; self-knowledge refers to your predictions about your future performance." 
A)  Sue: "Metacognition refers to people's beliefs about other people; in contrast, self-knowledge is a broad term that refers to people's beliefs about themselves." 
B)  Audrey: "Metacognition refers to your knowledge about your cognitive skills; self-knowledge is a general term that includes a wide variety of beliefs about yourself." 
C)  Timoteo: "Metacognition refers to your study strategies; in contrast, self-knowledge refers to your knowledge about whether you will be able to apply those study strategies." 
D)  Sergei: "Metacognition refers to your prediction about your past performance; self-knowledge refers to your predictions about your future performance."

The concept called "feeling of knowing"

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

Chapter 6 discusses the accuracy of people's metamemory for pairs of words on an item-by-item basis. This research suggests that

Research on divided attention suggests that

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?

According to research on desirable difficulties, you should wait at least _____ between study sessions in order to maximize long-term retention.

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that

How is the tip-of-the-tongue experience relevant to metacognition?

Researchers have conducted many studies about how students allocate their time, when studying for an exam. In general, these studies show that

According to the discussion of metacomprehension,

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of

Suppose that you hear a lecture about memory improvement, and the speaker says, "We must remember the value of desirable difficulties." The speaker is likely to emphasize that

Deep processing increases distinctiveness, which can be especially important in learning

Part of the section on metamemory examined how students regulate their study strategies. If you are typical of the college students discussed in that section-and the task is relatively easy-you would be likely to

Suppose that you are studying for a vocabulary test, and you want to accurately predict your score in that test. Your prediction accuracy would be highest if you

Research on the testing effect suggests that the beneficial effects of testing

Absentminded behavior is most likely to occur

Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 6: Memory Strategies and Metacognition

The concept called "feeling of knowing"

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

Chapter 6 discusses the accuracy of people's metamemory for pairs of words on an item-by-item basis. This research suggests that

Research on divided attention suggests that

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?

According to research on desirable difficulties, you should wait at least _____ between study sessions in order to maximize long-term retention.

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that

How is the tip-of-the-tongue experience relevant to metacognition?

Researchers have conducted many studies about how students allocate their time, when studying for an exam. In general, these studies show that

According to the discussion of metacomprehension,

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of

Suppose that you hear a lecture about memory improvement, and the speaker says, "We must remember the value of desirable difficulties." The speaker is likely to emphasize that

Deep processing increases distinctiveness, which can be especially important in learning

Part of the section on metamemory examined how students regulate their study strategies. If you are typical of the college students discussed in that section-and the task is relatively easy-you would be likely to

Suppose that you are studying for a vocabulary test, and you want to accurately predict your score in that test. Your prediction accuracy would be highest if you

Research on the testing effect suggests that the beneficial effects of testing

Absentminded behavior is most likely to occur

Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters