Question 1

What is the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Almost all of the recent research supports the model. 
B)  Only the concept of sensory memory is still of interest to researchers. 
C)  The theory has been completely abandoned, because there is no research support for the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory. 
D)  Some studies support the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory, but other studies suggest that these two forms of memory are actually similar 
A)  Almost all of the recent research supports the model. 
B)  Only the concept of sensory memory is still of interest to researchers. 
C)  The theory has been completely abandoned, because there is no research support for the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory. 
D)  Some studies support the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory, but other studies suggest that these two forms of memory are actually similar

Question 2

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a large storehouse of information, much like a huge university library. 
B)  It is a solid, stable, industrious machine that systematically processes information. 
C)  It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. 
D)  It is a movie screen, continuously registering a stream of complex, colorful images. 
A)  It is a large storehouse of information, much like a huge university library. 
B)  It is a solid, stable, industrious machine that systematically processes information. 
C)  It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. 
D)  It is a movie screen, continuously registering a stream of complex, colorful images.

Question 3

According to the Baddeley's revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

Accepted Answer

A)  store musical information (such as pitch and tones) for brief periods of time. 
B)  manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive. 
C)  coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text. 
D)  provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad. 
A)  store musical information (such as pitch and tones) for brief periods of time. 
B)  manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive. 
C)  coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text. 
D)  provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 4

Imagine that you have volunteered to participate in some psychology research. The researcher tells you to look at several words briefly and then count backwards for about half a minute before recalling those words. The researcher is probably measuring

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory memory. 
B)  long-term memory. 
C)  short-term memory. 
D)  semantic memory. 
A)  sensory memory. 
B)  long-term memory. 
C)  short-term memory. 
D)  semantic memory.

Question 5

You will have difficulty reading your textbook if you are simultaneously singing the words to your favorite song. How would Baddeley explain this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  The words from the textbook and the words from the song will interfere with each other in the phonological loop. 
B)  The visuospatial sketchpad is overcrowded, because both of these tasks have a strong visual component. 
C)  The central executive cannot handle two verbal tasks at the same time. 
D)  The singing prevents the words in your textbook from passing directly from semantic memory into long-term memory. 
A)  The words from the textbook and the words from the song will interfere with each other in the phonological loop. 
B)  The visuospatial sketchpad is overcrowded, because both of these tasks have a strong visual component. 
C)  The central executive cannot handle two verbal tasks at the same time. 
D)  The singing prevents the words in your textbook from passing directly from semantic memory into long-term memory.

Question 6

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class's accuracy on test items for that topic. This graph would be called as a

Accepted Answer

A)  serial position curve. 
B)  free recall curve. 
C)  memory span curve. 
D)  Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve. 
A)  serial position curve. 
B)  free recall curve. 
C)  memory span curve. 
D)  Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve.

Question 7

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?

Accepted Answer

A)  Samantha: "People who have an unusually large capacity in their episodic buffer are likely to earn poor grades in school." 
B)  Aroona: "People who are especially skilled on a task that uses the central executive are likely to score high in reading comprehension." 
C)  Sanjay: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; most academic tasks require the equal participation of all four components of working memory." 
D)  James: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; there is no relationship between central-executive skills and a wide variety of other measures that should be related to the central executive and a wide variety of academic skills." 
A)  Samantha: "People who have an unusually large capacity in their episodic buffer are likely to earn poor grades in school." 
B)  Aroona: "People who are especially skilled on a task that uses the central executive are likely to score high in reading comprehension." 
C)  Sanjay: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; most academic tasks require the equal participation of all four components of working memory." 
D)  James: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; there is no relationship between central-executive skills and a wide variety of other measures that should be related to the central executive and a wide variety of academic skills."

Question 8

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory. One study used five different categories of words, such as fruits and occupations. The results of this study indicated that

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding in working memory is almost exclusively acoustic. 
B)  long-term memory can supplement the acoustic basis of working memory. 
C)  material in working memory can be stored in terms of meaning. 
D)  material in working memory that has been stored in terms of sound is easier to recall after a brief delay, compared to material that has been stored in terms of meaning. 
A)  encoding in working memory is almost exclusively acoustic. 
B)  long-term memory can supplement the acoustic basis of working memory. 
C)  material in working memory can be stored in terms of meaning. 
D)  material in working memory that has been stored in terms of sound is easier to recall after a brief delay, compared to material that has been stored in terms of meaning.

Question 9

Suppose that you are having trouble recalling the information for a question about Baddeley's theory because the information about Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory (which you learned earlier) keeps interfering. This phenomenon is called

Accepted Answer

A)  proactive interference. 
B)  the recency effect. 
C)  the primacy effect. 
D)  chunking. 
A)  proactive interference. 
B)  the recency effect. 
C)  the primacy effect. 
D)  chunking.

Question 10

A friend has just told you his cell phone number, and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it. The technique you are using to remember the number is called

Accepted Answer

A)  rehearsal. 
B)  the serial position effect. 
C)  release from proactive interference. 
D)  the working-memory approach. 
A)  rehearsal. 
B)  the serial position effect. 
C)  release from proactive interference. 
D)  the working-memory approach.

Question 11

Suppose that you have been watching a figure skating competition. You close your eyes and you try to remember how the last skater performed her final jump, then glided to the center of the rink and finished with a spin. The component of your working memory that is now most active is

Accepted Answer

A)  the phonological loop. 
B)  the visuospatial sketchpad. 
C)  the episodic buffer. 
D)  the central executive 
A)  the phonological loop. 
B)  the visuospatial sketchpad. 
C)  the episodic buffer. 
D)  the central executive

Question 12

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Accepted Answer

A)  he emphasized that working memory is useful in holding related items in our memory simultaneously. 
B)  he devised a precise operational definition for every component of working memory. 
C)  he examined a much more limited set of processes, compared to earlier models. 
D)  he focused much more on the visual characteristics of stimuli than on the auditory characteristics of the stimuli. 
A)  he emphasized that working memory is useful in holding related items in our memory simultaneously. 
B)  he devised a precise operational definition for every component of working memory. 
C)  he examined a much more limited set of processes, compared to earlier models. 
D)  he focused much more on the visual characteristics of stimuli than on the auditory characteristics of the stimuli.

Question 13

Baddeley's current model of working memory includes a feature called the episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's description, the episodic buffer

Accepted Answer

A)  contains material that has not yet reached our conscious awareness. 
B)  has a smaller capacity than any of the other components of working memory. 
C)  briefly holds material from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. 
D)  stores our very earliest memories from early childhood, which have an important effect on other components of working memory. 
A)  contains material that has not yet reached our conscious awareness. 
B)  has a smaller capacity than any of the other components of working memory. 
C)  briefly holds material from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. 
D)  stores our very earliest memories from early childhood, which have an important effect on other components of working memory.

Question 14

Which of the following students has the best understanding of the concept "release from proactive interference"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maura: "Students are likely to use simple repetition when learning new material; if you teach them a memory strategy, their memory improves." 
B)  Ilya: "The phrase refers to the strategy people use to move a particular stimulus from working memory to long-term memory." 
C)  Alessandro: "People are typically not conscious of their learning strategies; however, if they can focus their attention on their memory, they can avoid interference from other stimuli." 
D)  Tara: "As you learn a series of stimuli from the same category, memory will become less accurate; if you switch to a new category, memory will improve." 
A)  Maura: "Students are likely to use simple repetition when learning new material; if you teach them a memory strategy, their memory improves." 
B)  Ilya: "The phrase refers to the strategy people use to move a particular stimulus from working memory to long-term memory." 
C)  Alessandro: "People are typically not conscious of their learning strategies; however, if they can focus their attention on their memory, they can avoid interference from other stimuli." 
D)  Tara: "As you learn a series of stimuli from the same category, memory will become less accurate; if you switch to a new category, memory will improve."

Question 15

Suppose that you are trying to read the name of a psychologist who studies creativity, "Csikszentmihalyi." You find that you are silently pronouncing his name as you read it, because

Accepted Answer

A)  your visuospatial sketchpad can maintain only a limited amount of information. 
B)  challenging words are automatically shunted off to the central executive. 
C)  the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop are both activated, because of the spatial nature of the unfamiliar letter sequence 
D)  the phonological loop plays a role in reading, as well as in memory. 
A)  your visuospatial sketchpad can maintain only a limited amount of information. 
B)  challenging words are automatically shunted off to the central executive. 
C)  the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop are both activated, because of the spatial nature of the unfamiliar letter sequence 
D)  the phonological loop plays a role in reading, as well as in memory.

Question 16

Suppose that you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours, and you are making an increasing number of mistakes. Then you switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

Accepted Answer

A)  the serial-position effect 
B)  thought suppression. 
C)  release from proactive interference. 
D)  the recency effect. 
A)  the serial-position effect 
B)  thought suppression. 
C)  release from proactive interference. 
D)  the recency effect.

Question 17

In a study on working memory, one group of participants repeated a sound, thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material. This research showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  working memory disappeared completely. 
B)  when acoustic coding was blocked, people often used visual coding. 
C)  acoustic coding was even more likely in long-term memory than in working memory. 
D)  semantic coding was the dominant mode in working memory, whereas acoustic coding was more likely in long-term memory. 
A)  working memory disappeared completely. 
B)  when acoustic coding was blocked, people often used visual coding. 
C)  acoustic coding was even more likely in long-term memory than in working memory. 
D)  semantic coding was the dominant mode in working memory, whereas acoustic coding was more likely in long-term memory.

What is the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

According to the Baddeley's revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

Imagine that you have volunteered to participate in some psychology research. The researcher tells you to look at several words briefly and then count backwards for about half a minute before recalling those words. The researcher is probably measuring

You will have difficulty reading your textbook if you are simultaneously singing the words to your favorite song. How would Baddeley explain this phenomenon?

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class's accuracy on test items for that topic. This graph would be called as a

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory. One study used five different categories of words, such as fruits and occupations. The results of this study indicated that

Suppose that you are having trouble recalling the information for a question about Baddeley's theory because the information about Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory (which you learned earlier) keeps interfering. This phenomenon is called

A friend has just told you his cell phone number, and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it. The technique you are using to remember the number is called

Suppose that you have been watching a figure skating competition. You close your eyes and you try to remember how the last skater performed her final jump, then glided to the center of the rink and finished with a spin. The component of your working memory that is now most active is

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Baddeley's current model of working memory includes a feature called the episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's description, the episodic buffer

Which of the following students has the best understanding of the concept "release from proactive interference"?

Suppose that you are trying to read the name of a psychologist who studies creativity, "Csikszentmihalyi." You find that you are silently pronouncing his name as you read it, because

Suppose that you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours, and you are making an increasing number of mistakes. Then you switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

In a study on working memory, one group of participants repeated a sound, thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material. This research showed that

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 4: Working Memory

What is the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?

According to the Baddeley's revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to

Imagine that you have volunteered to participate in some psychology research. The researcher tells you to look at several words briefly and then count backwards for about half a minute before recalling those words. The researcher is probably measuring

You will have difficulty reading your textbook if you are simultaneously singing the words to your favorite song. How would Baddeley explain this phenomenon?

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class's accuracy on test items for that topic. This graph would be called as a

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory. One study used five different categories of words, such as fruits and occupations. The results of this study indicated that

Suppose that you are having trouble recalling the information for a question about Baddeley's theory because the information about Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory (which you learned earlier) keeps interfering. This phenomenon is called

A friend has just told you his cell phone number, and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it. The technique you are using to remember the number is called

Suppose that you have been watching a figure skating competition. You close your eyes and you try to remember how the last skater performed her final jump, then glided to the center of the rink and finished with a spin. The component of your working memory that is now most active is

Baddeley's model of working memory had a different focus from the earlier approaches to short-term memory because

Baddeley's current model of working memory includes a feature called the episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's description, the episodic buffer

Which of the following students has the best understanding of the concept "release from proactive interference"?

Suppose that you are trying to read the name of a psychologist who studies creativity, "Csikszentmihalyi." You find that you are silently pronouncing his name as you read it, because

Suppose that you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours, and you are making an increasing number of mistakes. Then you switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

In a study on working memory, one group of participants repeated a sound, thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material. This research showed that

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters