Question 1

In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  a deficient sodium level. 
B)  an excess phosphate level. 
C)  an excess sodium level. 
D)  an excessively low phosphate level. 
A)  a deficient sodium level. 
B)  an excess phosphate level. 
C)  an excess sodium level. 
D)  an excessively low phosphate level. C

Question 2

What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolic alkalosis 
B)  Metabolic acidosis 
C)  Respiratory alkalosis 
D)  Respiratory acidosis 
A)  Metabolic alkalosis 
B)  Metabolic acidosis 
C)  Respiratory alkalosis 
D)  Respiratory acidosis B

Question 3

Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers.
1) Serum pH decreases
2) Serum bicarbonate decreases
3) PCO2 decreases
4) Respiration decreases
5) Respiration increases
6) Serum pH increases
7) Urine pH decreases

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6 
B) 5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1 
C) 2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6 
D) 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6 
A) 1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6 
B) 5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1 
C) 2, 1, 5, 3, 7, 6 
D) 3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6 C

Question 4

Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of "milk-alkali syndrome," which can cause which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hyponatremia 
B)  Hyperkalemia 
C)  Hypercalcemia 
D)  Hypovolemia 
A)  Hyponatremia 
B)  Hyperkalemia 
C)  Hypercalcemia 
D)  Hypovolemia

Question 5

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?
1) It is secreted by heart muscle cells.
2) It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
3) It helps to control water and sodium balance.
4) It is released in response to low blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

A) 1, 3 
B) 1, 4 
C) 2, 3 
D) 2, 4 
A) 1, 3 
B) 1, 4 
C) 2, 3 
D) 2, 4

Question 6

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased rate and depth of respiration. 
B)  decreased rate and depth of respiration. 
C)  increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate. 
D)  decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate. 
A)  increased rate and depth of respiration. 
B)  decreased rate and depth of respiration. 
C)  increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate. 
D)  decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

Question 7

Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  pH is below normal range 
B)  pH is above normal range 
C)  Bicarbonate level decreases 
D)  Bicarbonate level increases 
A)  pH is below normal range 
B)  pH is above normal range 
C)  Bicarbonate level decreases 
D)  Bicarbonate level increases

Question 8

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluid excess 
B)  Fluid deficit 
C)  Increased sodium level 
D)  Decreased erythrocytes 
A)  Fluid excess 
B)  Fluid deficit 
C)  Increased sodium level 
D)  Decreased erythrocytes

Question 9

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking normal nerve conduction. 
B)  increasing the permeability of nerve membranes. 
C)  blocking movement of calcium ions. 
D)  decreasing phosphate ion levels. 
A)  blocking normal nerve conduction. 
B)  increasing the permeability of nerve membranes. 
C)  blocking movement of calcium ions. 
D)  decreasing phosphate ion levels.

Question 10

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing 
B)  Drowsiness and general lethargy 
C)  Increased nervous system irritability 
D)  Decreased urine pH 
A)  Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing 
B)  Drowsiness and general lethargy 
C)  Increased nervous system irritability 
D)  Decreased urine pH

Question 11

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps 
B)  Oliguria 
C)  Elevated serum pH 
D)  Cardiac arrhythmias 
A)  Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps 
B)  Oliguria 
C)  Elevated serum pH 
D)  Cardiac arrhythmias

Question 12

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hypernatremia. 
C)  hyperchloremia. 
D)  hypovolemia. 
A)  hypokalemia. 
B)  hypernatremia. 
C)  hyperchloremia. 
D)  hypovolemia.

Question 13

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rapid, strong pulse 
B)  Low hematocrit 
C)  Increased urine output 
D)  Rough oral mucosa 
A)  Rapid, strong pulse 
B)  Low hematocrit 
C)  Increased urine output 
D)  Rough oral mucosa

Question 14

Serum potassium levels are affected by:
1) ADH.
2) aldosterone.
3) serum H+ levels.
4) insulin levels.

Accepted Answer

A) 2 only 
B) 1, 2 
C) 1, 3 
D) 2, 3, 4 
E) 1, 2, 3 
A) 2 only 
B) 1, 2 
C) 1, 3 
D) 2, 3, 4 
E) 1, 2, 3

Question 15

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:

Accepted Answer

A)  increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B)  decreased aldosterone. 
C)  slow, strong heart contraction. 
D)  peripheral vasodilation. 
A)  increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B)  decreased aldosterone. 
C)  slow, strong heart contraction. 
D)  peripheral vasodilation.

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Serum H+ levels 
D)  serum K+ levels 
A)  ADH 
B)  Aldosterone 
C)  Serum H+ levels 
D)  serum K+ levels

Question 17

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased carbonic acid 
B)  Decreased carbonic acid 
C)  Increased bicarbonate ion 
D)  Decreased bicarbonate ion 
A)  Increased carbonic acid 
B)  Decreased carbonic acid 
C)  Increased bicarbonate ion 
D)  Decreased bicarbonate ion

Question 18

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration 
B)  Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate 
C)  Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake 
D)  Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume 
A)  Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration 
B)  Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate 
C)  Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake 
D)  Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume

Question 19

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  K+, Na+ 
B)  Cl- and HCO3- 
C)  Ca++, Na+ 
D)  Na+, Cl- 
A)  K+, Na+ 
B)  Cl- and HCO3- 
C)  Ca++, Na+ 
D)  Na+, Cl-

Question 20

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolic acidosis 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Respiratory alkalosis 
A)  Metabolic acidosis 
B)  Metabolic alkalosis 
C)  Respiratory acidosis 
D)  Respiratory alkalosis

Exam 2: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:

What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?

Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of "milk-alkali syndrome," which can cause which of the following?

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide? 1) It is secreted by heart muscle cells. 2) It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys. 3) It helps to control water and sodium balance. 4) It is released in response to low blood pressure.

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

Serum potassium levels are affected by: 1) ADH. 2) aldosterone. 3) serum H+ levels. 4) insulin levels.

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Cardiovascular System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications Due to Pregnancy

Complications Due to Adolescence

Complications Due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

Filters

Serum potassium levels are affected by: 1) ADH. 2) aldosterone. 3) serum H⁺ levels. 4) insulin levels.

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na⁺ levels?