Exam 13: How Populations Evolve

Natural selection can be defined as ________.

________ introduced a system for grouping species into a hierarchy of categories.

Scenario In order to test the susceptibility of bacteria (if the bacteria are susceptible to being killed)to an antibiotic, a common laboratory test called the Bauer-Kirby Disk Diffusion test is used. First, a petri dish (a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid)is partially filled with nutrient-enriched agar (a gelatinous material). The nutrients encourage growth of specific bacterial species. The agar is poured as liquid but then typically solidifies to a soft consistency. Once the agar is set, a "lawn" of bacteria is spread such that a thin layer covers the top of the agar. Antibiotics are then applied to the lawn in a small dose, often through small, saturated paper disks. The dish is typically incubated for 24-48 hours and then observed for susceptibility. If the antibiotic is effective, it will kill the bacteria and leave a clear area called the "zone of inhibition" due to inhibited bacterial growth. The area starts at the source of the antibiotic and radiates outward. Scientists measure the diameter of the zone and then compare it to an established "cutoff value" for a zone specific to antibiotic/organism combinations. A large zone of inhibition in comparison to the standard indicates susceptibility while a small or no zone indicates resistance. Consider the following image, and answer the questions that follow: -What can you conclude about the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antibiotics?

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ________.

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ________.

Homology is evidence of ________.

Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection?

Which statement is TRUE?

The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time makes up that population's ________.

If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7 in a population with two alleles at a particular locus, what is the frequency of the alternate allele?

Which group of organisms is a population?

What does evolutionary fitness measure?

The common house mouse species, Mus musculus, has the following taxonomic classification: Mus, Muridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, Chordata, Animalia, Eukarya. Which part of the name is the Family?

Scenario In order to test the susceptibility of bacteria (if the bacteria are susceptible to being killed)to an antibiotic, a common laboratory test called the Bauer-Kirby Disk Diffusion test is used. First, a petri dish (a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid)is partially filled with nutrient-enriched agar (a gelatinous material). The nutrients encourage growth of specific bacterial species. The agar is poured as liquid but then typically solidifies to a soft consistency. Once the agar is set, a "lawn" of bacteria is spread such that a thin layer covers the top of the agar. Antibiotics are then applied to the lawn in a small dose, often through small, saturated paper disks. The dish is typically incubated for 24-48 hours and then observed for susceptibility. If the antibiotic is effective, it will kill the bacteria and leave a clear area called the "zone of inhibition" due to inhibited bacterial growth. The area starts at the source of the antibiotic and radiates outward. Scientists measure the diameter of the zone and then compare it to an established "cutoff value" for a zone specific to antibiotic/organism combinations. A large zone of inhibition in comparison to the standard indicates susceptibility while a small or no zone indicates resistance. Consider the following image, and answer the questions that follow: -The Federal Drug Administration (FDA)must decide which antibiotic to approve to fight a bacterial infection that results in high fevers and localized rashes. Which antibiotic do you predict that the FDA scientists will likely approve?

A change in the gene pool due to chance results in ________.

The accompanying figure shows the percent of selected DNA sequences that match between a chimpanzee and other primates. These data support the hypothesis that ________.

Which situation is an example of sexual selection?

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)is a plant originating in Mexico that is used to produce rubber. Scientists used artificial selection to breed guayule with a relative plant from Utah, Parthenium ligulatum, and produced a hybrid plant that transferred cold tolerance to guayule. In this example, plant growth habits and leaf shape are components of ________ that enabled cold tolerance, and the transferability of these traits is an example of ________.

Which process can create new alleles?

Scenario Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems, including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. -Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species in order to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such captive-breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ________.