Exam 12: Dna Technology

What was wrong with Nic Volker's XIAP gene which caused his immune system to attack his digestive system?

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid?

Scenario Corn crops are susceptible to damage by different species of corn borer, an insect (a type of arthropod)that feeds and lives on corn plants. It is estimated that corn borers may cause up to $1 billion of damage a year to corn crops. Because of pests like the corn borer, researchers have created genetically modified pest-resistant crops. One type of pest-resistant crop, Bt corn, expresses a bacterial toxin that kills corn borers if they consume the toxin. While Bt corn has been planted and used in the United States since 1996, some researchers and members of the public continue to worry about negative effects of the Bt toxin on other animals, including arthropods and humans. In order to investigate the effects of Bt toxins on other animals, researchers conducted experiments where they fed arthropods Bt corn or non-Bt corn. A summary of the effects of eating Bt corn on single species of corn borer, mite, and beetle are shown in the figure below. -Based on the data in the graph, do you think Bt corn is having its intended effect?

The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of ________.

Scenario Patients with organ failure or severe diseases may need organ transplants. However, there is often a long waitlist for certain organs, and patients may not be able to acquire a human organ transplant in time. To address this issue, pigs have been studied as a potential source of organs to use for transplants because pig organs are similar in size to human organs and are easy to obtain. However, a major health concern that needs to be addressed before pig organ transplantation becomes viable is the prevention of bacterial or viral transmission from pig organs to the human patient. One pig virus that is particularly difficult to prevent from being transmitted is porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). At some point in time, PERV infected pig eggs or sperm and thus incorporated its own genome into the pig genome, and all species of pigs carry the PERV genome to some extent. Therefore, if a pig kidney is used for a human transplant, all of the pig kidney cells will have the DNA for PERV, and these could possibly infect the human host. To prevent transmission of PERV, researchers have recently used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to introduce mutations in the pol gene. The pol gene codes for the enzyme reverse transcriptase that functions to produce PERV from the pig genome, thus preventing PERV from being produced. As of late 2017, 37 CRISPR-edited piglets were born and 15 were still alive. However, their organs have yet to be transplanted into humans. -For researchers to edit piglets' genomes with CRISPR-Cas9 successfully, the guide RNA sequence must be complementary to ________.

Scenario Corn crops are susceptible to damage by different species of corn borer, an insect (a type of arthropod)that feeds and lives on corn plants. It is estimated that corn borers may cause up to $1 billion of damage a year to corn crops. Because of pests like the corn borer, researchers have created genetically modified pest-resistant crops. One type of pest-resistant crop, Bt corn, expresses a bacterial toxin that kills corn borers if they consume the toxin. While Bt corn has been planted and used in the United States since 1996, some researchers and members of the public continue to worry about negative effects of the Bt toxin on other animals, including arthropods and humans. In order to investigate the effects of Bt toxins on other animals, researchers conducted experiments where they fed arthropods Bt corn or non-Bt corn. A summary of the effects of eating Bt corn on single species of corn borer, mite, and beetle are shown in the figure below. -What can you conclude from the data in the graph?

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ________.

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ________.

"Sticky ends" are ________.

Which is an example of a genetically modified organism that is not a transgenic organism? (Note that none of these organisms currently exist!)

Scenario Corn crops are susceptible to damage by different species of corn borer, an insect (a type of arthropod)that feeds and lives on corn plants. It is estimated that corn borers may cause up to $1 billion of damage a year to corn crops. Because of pests like the corn borer, researchers have created genetically modified pest-resistant crops. One type of pest-resistant crop, Bt corn, expresses a bacterial toxin that kills corn borers if they consume the toxin. While Bt corn has been planted and used in the United States since 1996, some researchers and members of the public continue to worry about negative effects of the Bt toxin on other animals, including arthropods and humans. In order to investigate the effects of Bt toxins on other animals, researchers conducted experiments where they fed arthropods Bt corn or non-Bt corn. A summary of the effects of eating Bt corn on single species of corn borer, mite, and beetle are shown in the figure below. -One of your local newscasters sees these data and announces on the news that "Bt toxins are safe because they have no negative effects on any arthropods except for the corn borers." Do you agree with that statement?

Scenario Patients with organ failure or severe diseases may need organ transplants. However, there is often a long waitlist for certain organs, and patients may not be able to acquire a human organ transplant in time. To address this issue, pigs have been studied as a potential source of organs to use for transplants because pig organs are similar in size to human organs and are easy to obtain. However, a major health concern that needs to be addressed before pig organ transplantation becomes viable is the prevention of bacterial or viral transmission from pig organs to the human patient. One pig virus that is particularly difficult to prevent from being transmitted is porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). At some point in time, PERV infected pig eggs or sperm and thus incorporated its own genome into the pig genome, and all species of pigs carry the PERV genome to some extent. Therefore, if a pig kidney is used for a human transplant, all of the pig kidney cells will have the DNA for PERV, and these could possibly infect the human host. To prevent transmission of PERV, researchers have recently used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to introduce mutations in the pol gene. The pol gene codes for the enzyme reverse transcriptase that functions to produce PERV from the pig genome, thus preventing PERV from being produced. As of late 2017, 37 CRISPR-edited piglets were born and 15 were still alive. However, their organs have yet to be transplanted into humans. -What type of cell would the researchers have needed to use to produce the CRISPR-Cas9 edited piglets?

Genetically modifying human ________ may directly affect future generations.

The diagram below summarizes ________.

What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

What is the main function of the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is ________.

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ________.

Recombinant DNA technology produces transgenic bacteria with a human gene that codes for a human protein. What problem could be associated with this process?

The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called ________.